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Collect Multiple Validation Errors in Python Before Raising
A chainable Validator class that accumulates all validation errors and raises them together in a single exception.
class ValidationError(Exception):
pass
class Validator:
def __init__(self):
self.errors = []
def validate_required(self, value, field_name):
if not value:
self.errors.append(f"{field_name} is required")
return self
def validate_email(self, email):
…Chunk Large File Upload Simulation by Blocks in Python
A Python script reads a large binary file in fixed-size chunks and simulates a block-by-block upload with per-chunk SHA256 hashing.
import os
import hashlib
from pathlib import Path
def read_file_in_chunks(file_path, chunk_size=8196):
"""Yield chunks of a file as bytes."""
with open(file_path, 'rb') as f:
while chunk := f.read(chunk_size):
yield chunk
def simulate_chunked_upload(file_path, chunk_size=8196):
"""S…Create a ZIP Archive of a Folder in Python
Recursively zip all files in a folder into a single archive using the standard library zipfile and pathlib modules.
import zipfile
from pathlib import Path
def zip_folder(source_dir: str, archive_path: str) -> None:
"""Zip all files in source_dir recursively into archive_path."""
source = Path(source_dir)
with zipfile.ZipFile(archive_path, "w", zipfile.ZIP_DEFLATED) as archive:
for file_path in source.rglob("*"…Extract Hyperlinks from Word Documents in Python
Parses a .docx file using Python's standard library to extract every hyperlink's display text and target URL.
import zipfile
from pathlib import Path
import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET
def extract_hyperlinks_from_docx(filepath: str) -> list[dict]:
"""
Extract all hyperlinks from a .docx file.
Returns a list of dicts with 'text' and 'target' keys.
"""
hyperlinks = []
with zipfile.ZipFile(Path(filepath)…How to Automatically Extract Every Archive in a Folder with Python
Walk through a folder and extract all ZIP, RAR, and 7Z archives into separate subdirectories using Python.
import zipfile
import rarfile
import py7zr
import pathlib
def extract_archives(folder: str):
"""Extract every ZIP, RAR, and 7Z archive in the given folder."""
folder_path = pathlib.Path(folder)
for archive_file in folder_path.iterdir():
suffix = archive_file.suffix.lower()
try:
…How to Compare Two Files by Content Hash Equality in Python
Compares two files by hashing their contents with SHA-256, skipping the hash if file sizes differ, and returns whether they are identical.
import hashlib
from pathlib import Path
def file_hash(path: Path, chunk_size: int = 8192) -> str:
sha256 = hashlib.sha256()
with path.open("rb") as f:
for chunk in iter(lambda: f.read(chunk_size), b""):
sha256.update(chunk)
return sha256.hexdigest()
def files_are_identical(file_a: Pat…How to Merge Sorted Chunk Files in Python
Merge multiple sorted text files into one sorted output file using a heap for efficient k-way merging.
import heapq
def merge_sorted_chunks(chunks, output_path):
"""Merge multiple sorted iterables into single sorted output file."""
with open(output_path, "w") as out_f:
# Open all chunk files
handles = [open(chunk, "r") for chunk in chunks]
try:
# Heap of (value, index) tupl…How to Sync Two Folders in Python (Lightweight Backup)
A Python script that synchronizes a source folder to a destination folder, copying new or updated files and removing files that no longer exist in the source.
import os
import shutil
import sys
from pathlib import Path
def sync_folders(src: Path, dst: Path):
"""Sync src folder to dst folder, copying missing/updated files."""
dst.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
for src_path in src.rglob("*"):
relative = src_path.relative_to(src)
dst_path = ds…Scrape HTML Tables and Convert Them to CSV Using Beautiful Soup in Python
Scrape a Wikipedia table with Beautiful Soup and write the data to a CSV file using the csv module.
import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
import csv
url = "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)"
response = requests.get(url)
soup = BeautifulSoup(response.text, 'html.parser')
tables = soup.find_all('table', {'class': 'wikitable'})
if tables:
target_table = tables[2]
rows =…How to Create a Data Splitter Class in Python
This code defines a DataSplitter class that splits data by index, into chunks, or by a predicate, demonstrating OOP principles in Python.
class DataSplitter:
def __init__(self, data):
self.data = list(data)
def split_by_index(self, index):
return self.data[:index], self.data[index:]
def split_into_chunks(self, chunk_size):
return [self.data[i:i + chunk_size] for i in range(0, len(self.data), chunk_size)]
…Understanding Multiple Inheritance Method Resolution Order in Python
This code demonstrates how Python's MRO determines which greet method is called in a diamond inheritance scenario, and prints the full MRO for class D.
class A:
def greet(self):
return "Hello from A"
class B(A):
def greet(self):
return "Hello from B"
class C(A):
def greet(self):
return "Hello from C"
class D(B, C):
pass
if __name__ == "__main__":
d = D()
print(d.greet())
print(D.__mro__)Binary Search for Ship Capacity in Python
Use binary search to find the minimum ship capacity that can transport all packages within a given number of days.
def ship_within_days(weights, days):
def can_ship(capacity):
current = 0
needed_days = 1
for weight in weights:
if current + weight > capacity:
needed_days += 1
current = 0
current += weight
return needed_days <= days
low …Find All Triplets with Sum Zero in Python
This code finds all unique triplets in an array that sum to zero using a sorted array and two-pointer technique.
def find_triplets(nums):
nums.sort()
n = len(nums)
triplets = []
for i in range(n - 2):
if i > 0 and nums[i] == nums[i - 1]:
continue
left, right = i + 1, n - 1
while left < right:
total = nums[i] + nums[left] + nums[right]
if total == 0:
…Find two unique numbers in an array with Python
Returns the two numbers that appear exactly once in a list where every other number appears twice, using XOR bit manipulation.
def find_two_odd(arr):
"""Return the two numbers that appear exactly once, while all others appear twice."""
xor_all = 0
for num in arr:
xor_all ^= num
# xor_all now equals the XOR of the two unique numbers.
# Find a set bit (any bit where they differ).
diff_bit = xor_all & (-xor_all)
…How to Find Four Sum Quadruplets in Python (Sorted Demo)
Find all unique quadruplets in a sorted array that sum to a target, with duplicate skipping.
def four_sum(nums, target):
nums.sort()
result = []
n = len(nums)
for i in range(n - 3):
if i > 0 and nums[i] == nums[i - 1]:
continue
for j in range(i + 1, n - 2):
if j > i + 1 and nums[j] == nums[j - 1]:
continue
left, right = j + 1…Build a Generator Pipeline in Python: Filter Then Map
Create a lazy data pipeline by chaining generator functions that read, filter, map, and write data step by step.
def read_data():
return ["a", "bb", "ccc", "dd", "eeeee", "f"]
def filter_short(words):
return (word for word in words if len(word) >= 2)
def map_to_upper(words):
return (word.upper() for word in words)
def write_data(words):
for word in words:
print(word)
if __name__ == "__main__":
…Merge Sorted Iterators with a Heap Generator in Python
Merge multiple sorted iterators into a single sorted stream using a heap and generator, yielding values lazily in order.
import heapq
def merge_sorted_iterators(*iterators):
heap = []
for idx, iterator in enumerate(iterators):
try:
value = next(iterator)
heapq.heappush(heap, (value, idx, iterator))
except StopIteration:
continue
while heap:
value, idx, iterator = …How to Build a Data Helper for LLM Prompts in Python
A beginner-friendly helper class that flattens nested dictionaries, formats prompt templates, and safely parses JSON for AI/LLM pipelines.
import json
from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional
class DataHelper:
"""Simple helper class for working with data in AI/LLM pipelines."""
def __init__(self, data: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None) -> None:
self.data = data or {}
def flatten(self, prefix: str = "") -> Dict[str, Any]…Automatically Clean Temporary Files from Applications Using Python
A Python script that safely deletes temporary files from common application temp directories across Windows, Linux, and macOS, tracking cleaned count and disk space.
import os
import shutil
import tempfile
import platform
def clean_application_temp_files():
"""Delete common temporary file locations safely."""
system = platform.system()
temp_dirs = []
if system == "Windows":
temp_dirs.extend([
os.path.join(os.getenv("LOCALAPPDATA"), "Temp"),
…Build a Complete Web Scraper with Requests and BeautifulSoup in Python
Scrape multiple paginated pages from a website using Requests and BeautifulSoup, with retry logic, error handling, and CSV export.
import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
import csv
import time
from typing import List, Dict, Optional
class WebScraper:
def __init__(self, base_url: str, output_file: str = "scraped_data.csv"):
self.base_url = base_url
self.output_file = output_file
self.session = requests.Session()…Build a Network Ping Monitor in Python
A Python script that continuously pings a remote host using subprocess and reports connectivity status with timestamps and latency.
import subprocess
import time
def ping_host(host, count=4):
"""Ping a host and return the results."""
try:
# Platform-independent ping command
cmd = ["ping", "-c", str(count), host]
result = subprocess.run(cmd, capture_output=True, text=True, timeout=10)
return result.stdout, r…Build a Python Tool to Find All API Endpoints on a Website
A Python script that crawls a website, searches for common API endpoint patterns in HTML and JavaScript, and returns all discovered public API URLs.
import re
import requests
from urllib.parse import urljoin, urlparse
from collections import deque
def find_api_endpoints(base_url, max_pages=10):
visited = set()
queue = deque([base_url])
api_endpoints = set()
api_patterns = [
r'/api/[a-zA-Z0-9_/-]+',
r'/v[0-9]+/[a-zA-Z0-9_/-]+',…Build a Terminal Dashboard That Displays Real-Time System Performance in Python
A Python script that reads Linux system files to display a real-time terminal dashboard with CPU usage, memory usage, and CPU temperature.
import os, time, sys
from collections import deque
def get_cpu_temp():
try:
with open("/sys/class/thermal/thermal_zone0/temp") as f:
return round(int(f.read().strip()) / 1000, 1)
except:
return None
def get_mem_usage():
with open("/proc/meminfo") as f:
lines = f.readli…Convert DOCX to Text by Unzipping XML in Python
Extract plain text from a .docx file by unzipping the container and parsing word/document.xml with regex, using only Python's standard library.
import zipfile
import re
from pathlib import Path
def docx_to_text_unzip_xml(docx_path: str) -> str:
"""Extract plain text from a .docx file by unzipping and parsing document.xml."""
docx_path = Path(docx_path)
if not docx_path.exists():
raise FileNotFoundError(f"File not found: {docx_path}")
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