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How to Aggregate Periodic Snapshot Data in Python
Generates mock snapshot data and groups values into periods to compute average aggregates with Python's standard library.
import random
from collections import defaultdict
def snapshot_aggregate(n=10, period=3):
data = defaultdict(list)
for i in range(n):
key = f"item_{i % period}"
data[key].append(random.randint(1, 100))
return dict(data)
def aggregate_periodic(snapshots, period=3):
result = {}
for …How to Create an Interrupted Time Series Mock in Python
Generate simulated interrupted time series data with a pre/post-intervention trend, level shift, and noise to test segmented regression models.
import numpy as np
# Mock interrupted time series data
np.random.seed(42)
n_pre = 50
n_post = 50
time = np.arange(0, n_pre + n_post)
# Pre-intervention: linear trend + noise
pre_trend = 0.05 * time[:n_pre] + np.random.normal(0, 0.5, n_pre)
# Post-intervention: new slope + level shift + noise
post_trend = 0.05 * tim…How to Generate an Orthogonal Array for A/B Testing in Python
Generate a mock orthogonal array for multi-layer experiments with NumPy, ensuring balanced level combinations across experiment groups.
import numpy as np
def orthogonal_mock_layers(n_experiments: int, n_layers: int, n_levels: int) -> np.ndarray:
"""Generate an orthogonal array for multi-layer experiment design using base-level logic."""
ortho = np.indices((n_levels,) * n_layers).reshape(n_layers, -1).T
ortho = ortho % n_levels # Classic…Simulate Shard Key Cardinality in Python
Generate mock data with configurable cardinality to evaluate shard key distribution and detect hotspots in database scaling design.
import random
import string
def calculate_cardinality(values):
"""Return the number of distinct values in the given list."""
return len(set(values))
def generate_mock_data(num_records, cardinality):
"""Generate mock records for a shard key with given cardinality."""
possible_keys = [f"key_{i:04d}" fo…ECDH key agreement in Python with cryptography
Simulate ECDH key exchange between Alice and Bob, derive a shared secret, and generate a symmetric key with HKDF using the cryptography library.
from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.asymmetric import ec
from cryptography.hazmat.primitives import serialization, hashes
from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.kdf.hkdf import HKDF
def ecdh_mock():
# Alice generates her key pair
alice_private = ec.generate_private_key(ec.SECP256R1())
alice_public = alice_pr…How to Create and Verify HMAC SHA256 API Signatures in Python
Generate and verify HMAC-SHA256 signatures for API requests using Python's hmac, hashlib, and base64 modules.
import hmac
import hashlib
import base64
import json
from datetime import datetime, timezone
def create_api_signature(secret_key: str, method: str, path: str, timestamp: str, body: dict = None) -> str:
"""Create HMAC-SHA256 signature for API request."""
payload = {
"method": method.upper(),
"p…How to Create and Verify an OpenID Connect ID Token in Python
Generate and validate a mock OpenID Connect ID token (JWT) with HS256 signing using only the Python standard library.
import base64
import hashlib
import hmac
import json
import time
from typing import Optional
def b64url_encode(data: bytes) -> str:
return base64.urlsafe_b64encode(data).rstrip(b"=").decode("utf-8")
def b64url_decode(data: str) -> bytes:
padding = "=" * (-len(data) % 4)
return base64.urlsafe_b64decode(…How to Implement a CSRF Token Double Submit Mock in Python
A mock CSRF protection class that generates and validates double-submit tokens using HMAC-SHA256 with a secret key.
import hmac
import hashlib
import secrets
class CSRFProtection:
def __init__(self, secret_key: str):
self.secret_key = secret_key.encode("utf-8")
def generate_token(self) -> str:
random_value = secrets.token_hex(16)
signature = hmac.new(
self.secret_key, random_value.enco…How to Sign and Verify with Ed25519 in Python
A minimal Ed25519 sign-and-verify helper that generates a key pair, signs a message, and checks the signature with the cryptography library.
import hashlib
from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.asymmetric import ed25519
from cryptography.hazmat.primitives import serialization
def sign_verify_mock(
message: bytes,
private_key: ed25519.Ed25519PrivateKey,
public_key: ed25519.Ed25519PublicKey
) -> tuple[bool, bytes]:
signature = private_key.sign…How to sign and verify JWT RS256 in Python
Generate RSA keys, create a JWT signed with RS256, verify its signature, and decode the payload using the cryptography library.
import json
import time
import base64
import hmac
import hashlib
from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.asymmetric import rsa
from cryptography.hazmat.primitives import serialization, hashes
from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.asymmetric import padding
from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.asymmetric.utils import encode_ds…Browse by section
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