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Extract Data from Strings in Python: Beginner's Guide
A beginner-friendly helper that splits a comma-separated string into a list, shows word count, and extracts the first and last words using Python's split() and join() methods.
text = "python,string,extract,beginner"
words = text.split(",")
print("Full text:", text)
print("Word count:", len(words))
print("First word:", words[0])
print("Last word:", words[-1])
joined = " | ".join(words)
print("Joined with separator:", joined)Extract Email-Like Tokens from Text in Python
Uses a regular expression to find all email-like tokens in a string, returning them as a list with re.findall.
import re
def extract_email_like_tokens(text):
pattern = r'\b[A-Za-z0-9._%+-]+@[A-Za-z0-9.-]+\.[A-Za-z]{2,}\b'
return re.findall(pattern, text)
if __name__ == "__main__":
sample_text = (
"Contact us at support@example.com or sales@company.co.uk. "
"Invalid: hello@world, user@.com, test@do…Extract URLs from text with regex in Python
Uses a regular expression to find and print HTTP/HTTPS URLs from a block of text.
import re
text = """
Visit https://www.example.com for docs.
Contact support@mysite.org.
Check http://localhost:8000/api or ftp://files.example.net.
"""
url_pattern = r'https?://[^\s]+'
urls = re.findall(url_pattern, text)
for url in urls:
print(url)Find Data From a String in Python: Stats, Clean, Keywords
Three helper functions for beginners: compute character/word/sentence stats, normalize whitespace and case, and extract unique sorted keywords from a string.
def get_text_stats(text):
"""Return basic statistics about a string."""
words = text.split()
sentences = text.replace('!', '.').replace('?', '.').split('.')
sentences = [s for s in sentences if s.strip()]
return {
'characters': len(text),
'words': len(words),
'sentences': le…How to Extract Digits Only from a String in Python
This code uses a regular expression to remove all non-digit characters from a mixed string, returning only the digits.
import re
def extract_digits(text):
"""Return only the digits from the given text as a string."""
return re.sub(r'\D', '', text)
if __name__ == "__main__":
mixed = "abc123def456!@#789"
result = extract_digits(mixed)
print(result)How to Generate Initials from a Full Name in Python
Extract and uppercase the first letter of each word in a full name to produce initials using standard string methods.
def generate_initials(full_name):
parts = full_name.strip().split()
initials = ''.join(part[0].upper() for part in parts if part)
return initials
if __name__ == "__main__":
name = "john f. kennedy"
print(generate_initials(name))Extract Data by Type from a List in Python: Numbers and Strings
Loop through a mixed list to filter out numeric and string values into separate lists.
def extract_numbers(items):
"""Extract all numeric values from a mixed list."""
numbers = []
for item in items:
if isinstance(item, (int, float)) and not isinstance(item, bool):
numbers.append(item)
return numbers
def extract_strings(items):
"""Extract all string values from a…How to Parse Bullet Points in Python
Extract bullet point items from raw text by splitting lines and filtering those that start with '- ' or '* '.
def parse_bullet_points(text):
"""Extract bullet point items from raw text."""
lines = text.splitlines()
items = []
for line in lines:
stripped = line.strip()
if stripped.startswith("- ") or stripped.startswith("* "):
item = stripped[2:]
if item:
…How to Parse Function Signatures in Python with inspect
Extract a function's parameter names, kinds, defaults, annotations, and return type using Python's built-in inspect module.
import inspect
def example_function(a: int, b: str = "default", *args, c: float = 1.5, **kwargs) -> bool:
"""An example function with various parameter types."""
return True
def parse_signature(func):
"""Parse a function's signature using the inspect module."""
sig = inspect.signature(func)
param…How to parse a traceback to get the last frame in Python
Extracts the innermost frame's file, line, and function name from a Python traceback object.
import sys
import traceback
def parse_traceback_last_frame(exc_info):
"""Return the file, line, and function of the last (innermost) frame."""
_, _, tb = exc_info
last_tb = tb
while last_tb.tb_next is not None:
last_tb = last_tb.tb_next
filename = last_tb.tb_frame.f_code.co_filename
l…Compress and Extract ZIP Files Programmatically in Python
Create a ZIP archive with in-memory files and extract its contents to a directory using Python's stdlib zipfile and pathlib modules.
import zipfile
from pathlib import Path
import tempfile
import os
def create_sample_zip(zip_path: str, files: dict) -> None:
"""Create a ZIP file containing the given files (name -> content mapping)."""
with zipfile.ZipFile(zip_path, 'w', zipfile.ZIP_DEFLATED) as zf:
for filename, content in files.ite…Extract Hyperlinks from Word Documents in Python
Parses a .docx file using Python's standard library to extract every hyperlink's display text and target URL.
import zipfile
from pathlib import Path
import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET
def extract_hyperlinks_from_docx(filepath: str) -> list[dict]:
"""
Extract all hyperlinks from a .docx file.
Returns a list of dicts with 'text' and 'target' keys.
"""
hyperlinks = []
with zipfile.ZipFile(Path(filepath)…Extract a Single Member from a ZIP Archive in Python
Extract one specific file from a ZIP archive to an output directory using the standard zipfile and pathlib modules.
import zipfile
from pathlib import Path
def extract_single_member(zip_path: str, member_name: str, output_dir: str = ".") -> Path:
"""Extract a single member from a zip archive to the output directory."""
with zipfile.ZipFile(zip_path, "r") as archive:
archive.extract(member_name, output_dir)
retu…How to Automatically Extract Every Archive in a Folder with Python
Walk through a folder and extract all ZIP, RAR, and 7Z archives into separate subdirectories using Python.
import zipfile
import rarfile
import py7zr
import pathlib
def extract_archives(folder: str):
"""Extract every ZIP, RAR, and 7Z archive in the given folder."""
folder_path = pathlib.Path(folder)
for archive_file in folder_path.iterdir():
suffix = archive_file.suffix.lower()
try:
…How to Extract IP Address Counts from Access Logs in Python
Read a web server access log, count occurrences of each IP address using regex and Counter, and print the ranked results.
import re
from collections import Counter
from pathlib import Path
def extract_ip_counts(log_file_path):
ip_pattern = r'^(\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3})'
ip_counter = Counter()
with open(log_file_path, 'r') as file:
for line in file:
match = re.match(ip_pattern, line)
…How to Extract Text from PDF Files in Python
Extract all readable text from a PDF file using PyPDF2, iterating over each page and concatenating the content.
import PyPDF2
def extract_text_from_pdf(pdf_path):
text = ""
with open(pdf_path, "rb") as file:
reader = PyPDF2.PdfReader(file)
for page in reader.pages:
text += page.extract_text() + "\n"
return text.strip()
if __name__ == "__main__":
pdf_path = "sample.pdf"
extracted…Parse Fixed Width Data File by Column Slices in Python
Extract fields from fixed-width text by slicing each line at defined column offsets, with a dictionary describing the boundaries.
from pathlib import Path
def parse_fixed_width(data: str, slices: dict[str, tuple[int, int]]) -> list[dict[str, str]]:
lines = data.strip().splitlines()
records = []
for line in lines:
record = {}
for name, (start, end) in slices.items():
record[name] = line[start:end].strip()…Scrape HTML Tables and Convert Them to CSV Using Beautiful Soup in Python
Scrape a Wikipedia table with Beautiful Soup and write the data to a CSV file using the csv module.
import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
import csv
url = "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)"
response = requests.get(url)
soup = BeautifulSoup(response.text, 'html.parser')
tables = soup.find_all('table', {'class': 'wikitable'})
if tables:
target_table = tables[2]
rows =…How to Count Elements and Find Duplicates in a Python List
Count occurrences of each element in a list, extract unique values, and identify duplicates using Python dictionaries and sets.
def analyze_counts(data):
"""Count elements, return unique values, and find duplicates."""
# Count occurrences using a dictionary
counts = {}
for item in data:
counts[item] = counts.get(item, 0) + 1
# Alternative compact approach with set
unique_items = set(data)
# Fi…How to Count Word Frequencies in Python with Counter and Sets
This code processes a text string by lowercasing, splitting into words, counting frequencies with Counter, and extracting unique and sorted word lists using sets.
from collections import Counter
def process_text(text):
words = text.lower().split()
word_counts = Counter(words)
unique_words = set(words)
sorted_words = sorted(unique_words)
return {
"total_words": len(words),
"unique_words": len(unique_words),
"word_frequencies": di…How to Extract Data by Category in Python with Dictionaries and Sets
Use set comprehensions and a defaultdict to extract product names by category and compute total prices per category from a list of dictionaries.
from collections import defaultdict
# Sample data: products with categories and prices
product_data = [
{"name": "Apple", "category": "fruit", "price": 0.50},
{"name": "Banana", "category": "fruit", "price": 0.30},
{"name": "Carrot", "category": "vegetable", "price": 0.80},
{"name": "Bread", "category…How to Normalize Data in Python with Dictionaries and Sets
Normalize a list of dicts by keeping selected keys, stripping/lowercasing strings, and extracting unique sorted values using set comprehension.
def normalize_data(data, keys):
"""
Normalize a list of dictionaries by keeping only specified keys
and converting values to proper types.
"""
normalized = []
for item in data:
clean_item = {}
for key in keys:
value = item.get(key)
if isinstance(value, st…How to Normalize Data with Dictionaries and Sets in Python
Normalize dictionary entries to a fixed set of keys and extract unique values using sets in Python.
def normalize_entry(entry: dict, valid_keys: set) -> dict:
result = {}
for key in valid_keys:
result[key] = entry.get(key, "")
return result
def unique_values(entries: list[dict], key: str) -> set:
return {entry.get(key) for entry in entries if entry.get(key) is not None}
if __name__ == "__…How to Sort a List of Dictionaries by Key in Python
Sort a list of dictionaries by various keys (grade, age, name) using lambda, itemgetter, and extract unique sorted names into a set.
from operator import itemgetter
# Sample data: a list of dictionaries representing students
students = [
{"name": "Alice", "grade": 88, "age": 23},
{"name": "Bob", "grade": 95, "age": 22},
{"name": "Charlie", "grade": 78, "age": 24},
{"name": "Diana", "grade": 92, "age": 21}
]
# Sort by grade (descen…Browse by section
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