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Copy-ready Python snippets by topic and difficulty — short, focused, and runnable in the browser editor.
How to Escape HTML in Python
This code demonstrates how to use Python's `html.escape` function to safely encode user input for display in HTML, preventing XSS attacks.
import html
def escape_user_input(user_input: str) -> str:
"""Escape HTML-sensitive characters for safe display."""
return html.escape(user_input)
if __name__ == "__main__":
sample_user_input = '<script>alert("XSS")</script> & \'quotes\''
safe_output = escape_user_input(sample_user_input)
print("…How to Remove HTML Tags in Python with Regex
Strips all HTML tags from a string using a regular expression and cleans extra whitespace.
import re
def remove_html_tags(text: str) -> str:
"""Remove all HTML tags from the given text using regex."""
# Remove opening and closing tags
clean = re.sub(r'<[^>]+>', '', text)
# Remove any extra whitespace left behind
clean = re.sub(r'\s+', ' ', clean).strip()
return clean
if __name__ ==…How to Unescape HTML Entities in Python
Convert HTML entities like & and < back to their literal characters using the standard library html module.
import html
def unescape_html_entities(text: str) -> str:
"""Convert HTML entities like & to their character equivalents."""
return html.unescape(text)
if __name__ == "__main__":
sample = "Tom & Jerry <cartoon> "classic" 'fun' © 2024"
result = unescape_html_enti…Chain Generators with yield from in Python
Combine multiple generators into one seamless sequence using the `yield from` delegation syntax in Python.
def numbers():
yield 1
yield 2
yield 3
def letters():
yield 'a'
yield 'b'
yield 'c'
def combined():
yield from numbers()
yield from letters()
if __name__ == "__main__":
print(list(combined()))Convert All Markdown Files in a Folder to HTML in Python
Batch convert every .md file in a folder to .html using the `markdown` library with the 'extra' extensions.
import os
import markdown
from pathlib import Path
def convert_md_folder_to_html(input_folder="markdown_files", output_folder="html_pages"):
input_path = Path(input_folder)
output_path = Path(output_folder)
output_path.mkdir(exist_ok=True)
for md_file in input_path.glob("*.md"):
with open…Extract Hyperlinks from Word Documents in Python
Parses a .docx file using Python's standard library to extract every hyperlink's display text and target URL.
import zipfile
from pathlib import Path
import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET
def extract_hyperlinks_from_docx(filepath: str) -> list[dict]:
"""
Extract all hyperlinks from a .docx file.
Returns a list of dicts with 'text' and 'target' keys.
"""
hyperlinks = []
with zipfile.ZipFile(Path(filepath)…Find Duplicate Web Pages by Content Similarity in Python
Compute SHA-256 hashes of file contents to detect and report duplicate HTML pages or any files in a directory.
import hashlib
import os
from collections import defaultdict
def get_file_hash(filepath):
"""Compute SHA-256 hash of file contents."""
sha256 = hashlib.sha256()
with open(filepath, 'rb') as f:
for chunk in iter(lambda: f.read(4096), b''):
sha256.update(chunk)
return sha256.hexdiges…How to Find HTML Elements by Tag, Class, ID, CSS Selector, and Attribute in BeautifulSoup
Parse an HTML string with BeautifulSoup and demonstrate five distinct ways to locate elements: by tag name, by class, by ID, by CSS selector, and by attribute.
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
html_content = """
<html><body>
<h1 id="title" class="heading">Hello World</h1>
<p class="content">First paragraph</p>
<p class="content special">Second paragraph</p>
<a href="https://example.com" class="link">Click here</a>
<div id="footer">
<p>© 2024</p>
…How to Load a YAML Subset in Python Without PyYAML
Parse a flat, key-value YAML file with the Python standard library (re and pathlib), handling comments, quotes, and inline comments while skipping nested structures.
import re
from pathlib import Path
def load_yaml_subset(path):
"""Load a flat YAML file (key: value) without external dependencies."""
data = {}
with open(path, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
for line in f:
# Skip empty lines and comments
line = line.strip()
if no…How to Parse XML Attributes into a Flat Dictionary in Python
Parses XML elements and attributes using ElementTree, building a flat dictionary keyed by element attributes.
import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET
xml_data = """<root>
<book id="1" category="fiction" price="9.99">
<title>The Catcher</title>
</book>
<book id="2" category="nonfiction" price="12.50">
<title>Deep Learning</title>
</book>
</root>"""
def parse_xml_attributes(xml_string):
root = E…How to Scrape Headlines from a News Website Using Beautiful Soup in Python
Scrape headline text from a news website using requests and Beautiful Soup with a CSS selector.
import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
def scrape_headlines(url: str, selector: str) -> list:
"""
Scrape headlines from a news website using Beautiful Soup.
Args:
url: The URL of the news website.
selector: CSS selector for headline elements.
Returns:
List of h…How to Write Simple XML Documents with ElementTree in Python
Create well-structured XML documents in memory using Python's built-in ElementTree module, complete with nested elements, attributes, and text content.
import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET
def create_xml_document():
# Create root element
root = ET.Element("catalog")
# Create a book element with attributes and children
book1 = ET.SubElement(root, "book", id="bk101")
ET.SubElement(book1, "author").text = "Gambardella, Matthew"
ET.SubElement(…How to resolve a symlink to its real path in Python with pathlib
Use Path.resolve() to turn a symlink path into its absolute target path, handling relative symlinks and eliminating symbolic links.
from pathlib import Path
def resolve_symlink(path):
p = Path(path)
return str(p.resolve())
if __name__ == "__main__":
# Create a symlink to demonstrate the resolution
target = Path("/tmp/real_target.txt")
target.write_text("hello")
link = Path("/tmp/my_link.txt")
try:
link.symlink…Read an XML File with xml.etree.ElementTree in Python
Parse an XML file and print its root and child elements using the standard library's xml.etree.ElementTree module.
import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET
def read_xml_file(file_path):
"""Read an XML file and print its structure."""
tree = ET.parse(file_path)
root = tree.getroot()
print(f"Root element: {root.tag}")
for child in root:
print(f"Child element: {child.tag}, text: {child.text}")
if __name__ ==…Scrape HTML Tables and Convert Them to CSV Using Beautiful Soup in Python
Scrape a Wikipedia table with Beautiful Soup and write the data to a CSV file using the csv module.
import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
import csv
url = "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)"
response = requests.get(url)
soup = BeautifulSoup(response.text, 'html.parser')
tables = soup.find_all('table', {'class': 'wikitable'})
if tables:
target_table = tables[2]
rows =…How to randomly assign a prompt variant to each key in Python
Randomly pick one variant from a list for each prompt key, useful for A/B testing message variations.
import random
def assign_prompt_variant(prompts: dict[str, list[str]]) -> dict[str, str]:
"""Assign a random prompt variant to each prompt key."""
return {key: random.choice(variants) for key, variants in prompts.items()}
if __name__ == "__main__":
prompt_bank = {
"greeting": ["Hello!", "Hi there…Build a Complete Website Sitemap Generator Without External Services
Crawl a website recursively using only Python's standard library to generate a structured sitemap of internal links.
import json
from urllib.parse import urlparse, urljoin
from collections import deque
import urllib.request
import urllib.error
import re
from html.parser import HTMLParser
class SitemapParser(HTMLParser):
def __init__(self, base_url):
super().__init__()
self.base_url = base_url
self.links …Build a Python Tool to Find All API Endpoints on a Website
A Python script that crawls a website, searches for common API endpoint patterns in HTML and JavaScript, and returns all discovered public API URLs.
import re
import requests
from urllib.parse import urljoin, urlparse
from collections import deque
def find_api_endpoints(base_url, max_pages=10):
visited = set()
queue = deque([base_url])
api_endpoints = set()
api_patterns = [
r'/api/[a-zA-Z0-9_/-]+',
r'/v[0-9]+/[a-zA-Z0-9_/-]+',…Build a Website Accessibility Scanner Using Python
Scans a webpage for common accessibility issues like missing alt text, headings, labels, and landmarks using only Python.
import requests
from urllib.parse import urljoin
from html.parser import HTMLParser
import re
class AccessibilityParser(HTMLParser):
def __init__(self):
super().__init__()
self.images_without_alt = []
self.missing_headings = True
self.has_main_tag = False
self.label_for_inp…Build an RSS feed from markdown blog posts in Python
Scans a folder of markdown files, extracts titles, dates, and excerpts, and generates a valid RSS 2.0 XML feed.
import re
from pathlib import Path
from xml.etree.ElementTree import Element, SubElement, tostring
from datetime import datetime, timezone
from xml.dom import minidom
def build_rss(blog_dir, site_url="https://example.com"):
feed = Element("rss", version="2.0")
channel = SubElement(feed, "channel")
SubElem…Convert DOCX to Text by Unzipping XML in Python
Extract plain text from a .docx file by unzipping the container and parsing word/document.xml with regex, using only Python's standard library.
import zipfile
import re
from pathlib import Path
def docx_to_text_unzip_xml(docx_path: str) -> str:
"""Extract plain text from a .docx file by unzipping and parsing document.xml."""
docx_path = Path(docx_path)
if not docx_path.exists():
raise FileNotFoundError(f"File not found: {docx_path}")
…Convert HTML Tables to Excel Reports in Python
Convert HTML tables into formatted Excel reports using BeautifulSoup and Pandas with auto-adjusted column widths.
import pandas as pd
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
from pathlib import Path
def html_table_to_excel(html_file: str, excel_file: str) -> None:
"""Convert HTML table to formatted Excel report."""
with open(html_file, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
html_content = f.read()
soup = BeautifulSoup(html_…Convert Markdown to HTML in Python (Batch)
Convert every Markdown file in a directory to HTML with the Python markdown library, saving each result with an .html extension.
import markdown
from pathlib import Path
def convert_md_to_html(source_dir: str, dest_dir: str) -> list[str]:
src = Path(source_dir)
dst = Path(dest_dir)
dst.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
converted_files = []
for md_file in src.glob("*.md"):
html_content = markdown.markdown(md_file.…Create a Python Script That Detects Website Technology Stack Automatically
This script sends an HTTP request to a URL and inspects headers and HTML content to identify technologies like servers, frameworks, and JavaScript libraries.
import requests
from re import search
def detect_tech_stack(url):
tech_stack = []
try:
response = requests.get(url, timeout=5, headers={'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0'})
headers = response.headers
html = response.text.lower() if response.text else ''
# Check server header
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Guide: free Python code samples library
Copy-ready Python snippets for learners and developers
PythonSkillset code samples are short, focused examples organised by topic and difficulty. Every snippet is server-rendered HTML — readable by search engines and easy to copy. Open any sample, read the notes, copy the code, then press Try in editor to run it in the browser with Pyodide.
How to use this library
- Pick a topic section — strings, lists, files, functions, and more
- Open a sample, read How it works, and copy the code block
- Run it in the IDE, tweak values, then take a related quiz or tutorial lesson
Samples vs tutorials and challenges
Samples are quick reference — one concept per page. For step-by-step teaching, use our Python tutorials. To test yourself, try quizzes or coding challenges. Clean up style with the Python formatter.