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Copy-ready Python snippets by topic and difficulty — short, focused, and runnable in the browser editor.
Merge K Sorted Lists in Python with heapq
Merge k sorted lists into one sorted list in O(N log k) time using a min-heap of current elements.
import heapq
def merge_k_sorted_lists(lists):
heap = []
for i, lst in enumerate(lists):
if lst: # only push non-empty lists
heapq.heappush(heap, (lst[0], i, 0))
result = []
while heap:
val, list_idx, elem_idx = heapq.heappop(heap)
result.append(val)
if elem…How to Flag Unexpected Diff Changes in Python
Compares two snapshot lists, detects unexpected differences, and returns a flag indicating whether the snapshot should be updated.
import difflib
def snapshot_diff(before, after, intentional_changes=None):
"""Compare snapshots and flag only unexpected differences."""
intentional_changes = intentional_changes or set()
diff = list(difflib.unified_diff(before, after, lineterm=""))
has_unexpected = False
for line in diff:
…How to Use Hypothesis Strategies for Lists of Text in Python
Generate random lists of non-empty strings with Hypothesis and verify that joining them with a comma-and-space separator meets expected length and containment invariants.
from hypothesis import given, strategies as st
from hypothesis import example
@given(st.lists(st.text(min_size=1, max_size=10), min_size=1, max_size=5))
def test_joined_string_length(items):
"""Each text is non-empty; a joined string should be at least as long
as the number of items (separator adds character…How to Mock Kafka Topic Partitions with a Python dict of lists
Mocks a Kafka topic and its partitions using a defaultdict of lists to simulate message production, consumption, and per-partition counts.
from collections import defaultdict
class KafkaTopicPartitionMock:
"""A simple mock for Kafka topic-partition assignment using dict of lists."""
def __init__(self, topic):
self.topic = topic
self.partitions = defaultdict(list) # partition_id -> list of messages
def produce(self, message…Redis LPUSH RPOP List Queue Mock in Python
Implements a FIFO queue using Redis lists with LPUSH and RPOP commands, simulating task processing in Python.
import redis
import time
r = redis.Redis(host='localhost', port=6379, db=0)
queue_key = 'task_queue'
# Push tasks onto the left side (LPUSH)
r.lpush(queue_key, 'task1')
r.lpush(queue_key, 'task2')
r.lpush(queue_key, 'task3')
# Mock processing: pop from the right side (RPOP) — FIFO order
while r.llen(queue_key) > 0:…How to Implement a Token Bucket Rate Limiter per Client IP in Python
Implements a simple sliding-window rate limiter using a dictionary of timestamp lists per client IP to limit requests per window.
from time import time
from collections import defaultdict
class RateLimiter:
def __init__(self, max_requests: int, window_seconds: int):
self.max_requests = max_requests
self.window_seconds = window_seconds
self.clients = defaultdict(list)
def allow(self, ip: str) -> bool:
now…How to Compute a Confusion Matrix in Python
Compute a multi-class confusion matrix from true and predicted labels using pure Python dictionaries and nested lists, then format it for readable output.
from collections import defaultdict
def compute_confusion_matrix(y_true, y_pred, labels):
"""Compute confusion matrix using Python dicts and nested lists."""
label_index = {label: i for i, label in enumerate(labels)}
matrix = [[0] * len(labels) for _ in range(len(labels))]
for true, pred in zip(y…How to Mock a CORS Allow Origin Whitelist in Python
A decorator-based mock of a CORS middleware that whitelists allowed origins and injects proper Access-Control-Allow-Origin headers while rejecting others.
from functools import wraps
class MockCORSConfig:
def __init__(self, allowed_origins):
self.allowed_origins = allowed_origins
def is_origin_allowed(self, origin):
return origin in self.allowed_origins
def cors_middleware(config):
def decorator(handler):
@wraps(handler)
…How to build a maintenance mode page in Python
Mock a service maintenance status page that computes remaining downtime and lists affected features from a simple class.
from datetime import datetime
class MaintenanceMode:
"""Mock a maintenance mode status page for a service."""
def __init__(self, service_name: str, scheduled_end: str):
self.service_name = service_name
self.scheduled_end = datetime.fromisoformat(scheduled_end)
self.affected_featur…Browse by section
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