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Copy-ready Python snippets by topic and difficulty — short, focused, and runnable in the browser editor.
How to Compress a Folder in Python While Preserving Directory Structure
A Python function that uses zipfile to recursively compress a folder, maintaining the original directory hierarchy inside the zip archive.
import os
import zipfile
from pathlib import Path
def compress_folder(source_dir: str, output_zip: str):
"""
Compress a folder into a zip file, preserving the directory structure.
Args:
source_dir: Path to the source directory to compress
output_zip: Path for the output zip file
"…How to Create a File Organizer That Sorts Files Automatically in Python
A Python script that scans a given folder, categorizes files by extension (Images, Documents, Audio, Video, Archives, Misc), and moves them into subfolders automatically.
import os
import shutil
from pathlib import Path
FILE_CATEGORIES = {
"Images": [".jpg", ".jpeg", ".png", ".gif", ".bmp"],
"Documents": [".pdf", ".docx", ".txt", ".csv", ".xlsx"],
"Audio": [".mp3", ".wav", ".flac", ".aac"],
"Video": [".mp4", ".mkv", ".avi", ".mov"],
"Archives": [".zip", ".tar", ".g…How to Create a Password Protected Zip Archive in Python
Generate a password-protected zip archive and verify password correctness using the standard library zipfile module.
import zipfile
import tempfile
import os
def create_password_protected_zip(zip_path, password: str, files: dict):
"""
Create a zip archive with password protection (mock encryption).
Args:
zip_path: Path where the zip file will be created
password: Password for the archive
files:…How to Decrypt a GPG File with a Passphrase in Python
Decrypt a GPG-encrypted file using a passphrase via the gpg CLI wrapped in a reusable Python function.
import subprocess
import tempfile
from pathlib import Path
def decrypt_gpg_file(input_file: str, passphrase: str) -> str:
"""Decrypt a GPG file using a passphrase and return the plaintext."""
result = subprocess.run(
["gpg", "--batch", "--yes", "--passphrase", passphrase, "--decrypt", input_file],
…How to Detect Unused Images in a Project with Python
A Python script that scans a website project folder, identifies all image files, and checks HTML/CSS/JS files to find which images are never referenced.
import os
import re
from pathlib import Path
def find_unused_images(project_path):
image_exts = {'.png', '.jpg', '.jpeg', '.gif', '.svg', '.webp'}
used_images = set()
all_images = set()
# Find all image files
for root, _, files in os.walk(project_path):
for file in files:
…How to Download a GitHub Repository as a ZIP File in Python
Download any public GitHub repository as a ZIP file using the GitHub API and Python's requests and zipfile modules.
import requests
import zipfile
import io
import os
def download_github_repo_as_zip(repo_url, output_path='.'):
"""
Download a GitHub repository as a ZIP file.
Args:
repo_url (str): Full GitHub repository URL (e.g., 'https://github.com/username/repo')
output_path (str): Directory to sa…How to Download a List of URLs to a Directory in Python
This script downloads a list of URLs into a specified directory, creating the folder if needed and keeping original filenames.
import urllib.request
from pathlib import Path
def download_urls(url_list, directory):
"""Download each URL in url_list into directory, keeping original filenames."""
save_dir = Path(directory)
save_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
for url in url_list:
filename = url.rstrip('/').spl…How to Generate Project Statistics Including Lines of Code and Complexity in Python
Walk through a Python script that scans a project directory for Python files, counts lines of code excluding blanks and comments, and estimates cyclomatic complexity by counting decision keywords.
import os
from pathlib import Path
def count_lines_of_code(filepath):
"""Counts lines of code in a Python file, excluding blank lines and comments."""
try:
with open(filepath, 'r') as f:
lines = f.readlines()
code_lines = [line for line in lines if line.strip() and not line.strip()…How to Generate a Dependency Graph for Python Projects
This script walks through a Python project directory, parses each .py file's imports, and prints a dependency graph showing which modules depend on which other modules.
import os
import ast
from pathlib import Path
from collections import defaultdict
def get_imports(filepath):
with open(filepath) as f:
try:
tree = ast.parse(f.read())
except SyntaxError:
return []
imports = []
for node in ast.walk(tree):
if isinstance(node, …How to Generate a QR Code in Python
Generate a QR code image from a URL string using the qrcode library and save it as a PNG file.
import qrcode
# Data to encode
data = "https://www.example.com"
# Create QR code instance
qr = qrcode.QRCode(
version=1,
error_correction=qrcode.constants.ERROR_CORRECT_L,
box_size=10,
border=4,
)
# Add data to QR code
qr.add_data(data)
qr.make(fit=True)
# Create an image from the QR code
img = qr.…How to Generate an Inventory CSV of Installed pip Packages in Python
This script uses subprocess and csv to list all installed pip packages and write their names and versions into a CSV inventory file.
import subprocess
import csv
def get_installed_packages():
"""Return a list of (name, version) tuples for installed pip packages."""
result = subprocess.run(
["pip", "list", "--format=freeze"],
capture_output=True,
text=True,
check=True
)
packages = []
for line in r…How to Hash Duplicate Photos and Delete Copies in Python
This script hashes image files in a directory using SHA-256 and deletes duplicate copies while keeping the first occurrence, ideal for cleaning up photo libraries.
from pathlib import Path
import hashlib
def file_hash(path, chunk_size=8192):
hasher = hashlib.sha256()
with open(path, "rb") as f:
for chunk in iter(lambda: f.read(chunk_size), b""):
hasher.update(chunk)
return hasher.hexdigest()
def delete_duplicate_photos(directory):
directory …How to Import Users from CSV into LDAP-like Dicts in Python
Reads a CSV of user records and converts each row into an LDAP-style dictionary with standard attributes using Python's csv module.
import csv
import io
from pathlib import Path
def mock_ldap_import(csv_path):
"""
Reads a CSV file with user data and returns a list of LDAP-like user dicts.
Adds standard LDAP attributes that would come from directory schema.
"""
with open(csv_path, newline="", encoding="utf-8") as csvfile:
…How to Map Network Drive Paths to Local Paths in Python
Convert mock SMB network drive paths (like 'S:\reports\q1.xlsx') to local placeholder paths and back using a simple mapping dictionary in Python.
"""Map mock SMB network drive paths to local placeholder paths."""
from dataclasses import dataclass
@dataclass(frozen=True)
class NetworkDrive:
letter: str
remote_path: str
DRIVES = {
"S:": NetworkDrive("S", r"\\server01\shares\sales"),
"M:": NetworkDrive("M", r"\\server02\media\movies"),
"X:": …How to Merge PDFs in Python (Mock pypdf Stub)
Merge PDF files by concatenating their raw byte content using a simple stubbed class that mimics the pypdf interface.
import io
from hashlib import sha256
class PdfStub:
def __init__(self, data: bytes, name: str):
self.data = data
self.name = name
def get_content_bytes(self) -> bytes:
return self.data
def merge_pdfs_mock(pdf_stubs) -> bytes:
merged = io.BytesIO()
for stub in pdf_stubs:
…How to Mock an Ansible Inventory in Python
Load an Ansible-style inventory JSON file into Python and simulate a playbook run across hosts and groups.
import json
from pathlib import Path
class InventoryMock:
def __init__(self, inventory_file: str):
self.inventory_file = Path(inventory_file)
self.hosts = {}
def load(self):
if not self.inventory_file.exists():
raise FileNotFoundError(f"Inventory file {self.inventory_file…How to Monitor Laptop Battery Health Over Time in Python
Log battery percentage, power status, and remaining time every N seconds to a JSON file using psutil for ongoing health monitoring.
import time
import json
from pathlib import Path
from datetime import datetime
try:
import psutil
except ImportError:
print("psutil required: pip install psutil")
exit(1)
LOG_FILE = Path("battery_health_log.json")
def monitor_battery(log_interval=60, duration=300):
"""Log battery percentage and rema…How to Quarantine Suspicious Files in Python
Move files with suspicious extensions to a quarantine folder using pathlib and shutil for safe isolation.
import shutil
import os
from pathlib import Path
def quarantine_files(source_dir, quarantine_dir, suspicious_extensions):
"""
Move files with suspicious extensions to a quarantine folder.
Returns list of moved files.
"""
source_path = Path(source_dir)
quarantine_path = Path(quarantine_dir)
…How to Recover Deleted .txt Files from a Backup in Python
A Python function that searches a backup directory recursively and copies all .txt files to a destination folder, printing each recovered file name and a total count.
import os
import shutil
from pathlib import Path
def recover_deleted_txt_files(source_backup_dir: str, destination_dir: str) -> None:
"""Recover .txt files from backup directory."""
backup_path = Path(source_backup_dir)
dest_path = Path(destination_dir)
dest_path.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
…How to Resize Hundreds of Images in Batch with Python
Resize every image in a folder to a target size using Pillow, creating a new subfolder for processed files.
import os
from PIL import Image
def resize_images_in_batch(directory, output_size=(800, 600)):
if not os.path.exists(directory):
print(f"Directory {directory} does not exist.")
return
output_dir = os.path.join(directory, "resized")
os.makedirs(output_dir, exist_ok=True)
for filename in…How to Save a VM Snapshot State to a JSON File in Python
Define a dataclass for a VM snapshot and serialize it to a JSON file, then reload it to verify the state.
import json
from dataclasses import dataclass, asdict
from pathlib import Path
@dataclass
class VMSnapshot:
name: str
memory_mb: int
disk_gb: int
state: str = "saved"
def snapshot_to_file(self, path: Path) -> str:
"""Write snapshot state to a JSON file and return the filename."""
…How to Scan Configuration Files for Security Issues in Python
Automatically scan configuration files for common security mistakes using regex rules in Python.
import re
import os
from pathlib import Path
SECURITY_RULES = [
(r'^#\s*INSECURE_', 'Insecure comment starts with # INSECURE_'),
(r'password\s*=\s*("|\\\')?[^"\\\'"\s]+("|\\\')?$', 'Hardcoded password'),
(r'debug\s*=\s*True', 'Debug mode enabled'),
(r'[Pp]ermit[Rr]ootLogin\s+yes', 'PermitRootLogin ena…How to Scan Files Against a Malware Hash List in Python
Compare a file's SHA-256 hash against a known malware hash set and report whether it's clean or infected.
import hashlib
from pathlib import Path
# Mock file content (in real usage, read from disk)
MOCK_FILE_CONTENT = b"print('hello world')"
KNOWN_MALWARE_HASHES = {
"8d969eef6ecad3c29a3a629280e686cf0c3f5d5a86aff3ca12020c923adc6c92",
"5e884898da28047151d0e56f8dc6292773603d0d6aabbdd62a11ef721d1542d8",
}
def sha25…How to Split PDF Pages into Ranges in Python
Simulates splitting a PDF into page ranges by validating and returning structured range splits for automation workflows.
import os
def split_pdf_ranges(pdf_name, num_pages, ranges):
"""
Simulates splitting a PDF by returning the page ranges that would be split.
Args:
pdf_name (str): Name of the PDF file.
num_pages (int): Total number of pages in the PDF.
ranges (list of tuple): List of (start, end) …Browse by section
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