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System design patterns

Sharding, load balancing, CAP tradeoffs, and scaling patterns — interview and production ready.

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How to Implement a Data Helper Class in Python

Build a beginner-friendly DataHelper class using dataclasses and key system design patterns like Command, Strategy, and Map.

dataclass data-helper design-patterns

Python

from __future__ import annotations
from dataclasses import dataclass, field
from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional


@dataclass
class DataHelper:
    """A beginner-friendly data utility with common system design patterns."""
    data: List[Dict[str, Any]] = field(default_factory=list)

    def add_record(self, r…

13 0 Open

System design patterns easy

How to Mock the Ambassador Pattern Retry Client in Python

This code demonstrates the ambassador pattern for API clients by simulating a flaky request and retrying with exponential backoff, useful for testing resilience in system design.

retry ambassador-pattern mock

Python

import time
import random


class RetryingClient:
    """Retry wrapper simulating a flaky ambassador-style API client."""

    def __init__(self, max_attempts=3, base_delay=0.1):
        self.max_attempts = max_attempts
        self.base_delay = base_delay
        self.attempts = 0

    def _flaky_request(self):
     …

15 0 Open

System design patterns medium

Simulate a Leaky Bucket Rate Limiter in Python

This code implements a leaky bucket rate limiter that drains at a fixed rate and accepts or rejects incoming requests based on capacity.

rate limiting leaky bucket simulation

Python

import time
from collections import deque


class LeakyBucket:
    """Simulates a leaky bucket rate limiter with a fixed drain rate."""
    def __init__(self, capacity, drain_rate_per_sec):
        self.capacity = capacity
        self.drain_rate = drain_rate_per_sec
        self.water = 0.0
        self.last_refill =…

13 0 Open

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