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Testing & modern typing

pytest basics, mocks, type hints, TypedDict, Protocol, and static-checking patterns.

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Testing & modern typing easy

How to Use TypedDict and Dataclasses in Python

Create typed data structures with TypedDict and dataclasses, then use them as helper functions for describing objects in a type-safe way.

typing typdict dataclass
Python 
from typing import TypedDict, NotRequired, Optional
from dataclasses import dataclass


class User(TypedDict):
    name: str
    age: NotRequired[int]
    email: Optional[str]


@dataclass
class Product:
    id: int
    title: str
    price: float = 0.0


def describe_user(user: User) -> str:
    age = user.get("age",…
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