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How to Count Words and Find Common Words in Python with Dictionaries and Sets
Build a simple text processor that counts unique words with dictionaries and finds common words across text halves using sets.
def process_text(text):
"""Process text: count unique words with counts, find common words."""
words = text.lower().replace(",", "").replace(".", "").split()
word_counts = {}
for word in words:
word_counts[word] = word_counts.get(word, 0) + 1
total_words = len(words)
unique_wo…How to Copy Class Instances in Python: Shallow vs Deep Copy
Use copy.copy and copy.deepcopy to clone class instances, showing how nested objects are shared or duplicated.
import copy
class Config:
def __init__(self):
self.settings = {"theme": "dark", "language": "en"}
if __name__ == "__main__":
original = Config()
shallow_copy = copy.copy(original)
deep_copy = copy.deepcopy(original)
shallow_copy.settings["theme"] = "light"
deep_copy.settings["them…How to Make a Shallow Clone of an Object in Python
Demonstrates using copy.copy() to create a shallow clone of a Python object, showing how nested mutable data is shared while top-level attributes are independent.
import copy
class Config:
def __init__(self):
self.settings = {"volume": 50}
self.user = "admin"
def demonstrate_shallow_copy():
original = Config()
shallow = copy.copy(original)
# Mutating nested object is visible in both (shallow copy share it)
shallow.settings["volume"] = 90…Champion Challenger Deployment Mock in Python
Simulates an A/B champion-challenger ML deployment workflow — comparing two mock model accuracies and deciding which to promote to production.
import random
import time
class ModelMocker:
def __init__(self, name="Model", accuracy=0.85):
self.name = name
self.accuracy = accuracy
def predict(self, data):
"""Simulate prediction with some randomness."""
time.sleep(0.005) # simulate compute time
return 1 if rando…How to Generate PKCE Code Challenge in Python
This Python script generates a PKCE code verifier and its corresponding S256 code challenge for secure OAuth2 authorization flows.
import base64
import hashlib
import os
import secrets
import string
def generate_code_verifier(length=64):
alphabet = string.ascii_letters + string.digits + "-._~"
return "".join(secrets.choice(alphabet) for _ in range(length))
def generate_code_challenge(code_verifier, method="S256"):
if method == "S256…Browse by section
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Guide: free Python code samples library
Copy-ready Python snippets for learners and developers
PythonSkillset code samples are short, focused examples organised by topic and difficulty. Every snippet is server-rendered HTML — readable by search engines and easy to copy. Open any sample, read the notes, copy the code, then press Try in editor to run it in the browser with Pyodide.
How to use this library
- Pick a topic section — strings, lists, files, functions, and more
- Open a sample, read How it works, and copy the code block
- Run it in the IDE, tweak values, then take a related quiz or tutorial lesson
Samples vs tutorials and challenges
Samples are quick reference — one concept per page. For step-by-step teaching, use our Python tutorials. To test yourself, try quizzes or coding challenges. Clean up style with the Python formatter.