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Build a Complete Web Scraper with Requests and BeautifulSoup in Python
Scrape multiple paginated pages from a website using Requests and BeautifulSoup, with retry logic, error handling, and CSV export.
import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
import csv
import time
from typing import List, Dict, Optional
class WebScraper:
def __init__(self, base_url: str, output_file: str = "scraped_data.csv"):
self.base_url = base_url
self.output_file = output_file
self.session = requests.Session()…How to Build Cursor Pagination with Next and Prev Tokens in Python
A minimal cursor pagination implementation that returns next and previous cursor tokens for navigating a dataset.
from pprint import pprint
def make_cursor(page):
return f"page:{page:04d}"
def parse_cursor(cursor):
_, page = cursor.split(":", 1)
return int(page)
def paginate(all_items, page_size, cursor=None):
start = parse_cursor(cursor) if cursor else 0
end = start + page_size
items = all_items[sta…How to Build a Hypermedia Collection Resource in Python
Creates a paginated hypermedia collection resource with HATEOAS links and embedded items.
import json
import math
class HypermediaCollection:
"""A mock hypermedia collection resource."""
def __init__(self, items, base_url="/api/items"):
self.items = items
self.base_url = base_url
def to_dict(self, page=1, per_page=3):
total = len(self.items)
pages = math.ceil…How to Implement Keyset Pagination in Python (Seek Method)
Implement keyset (seek) pagination in Python with a mock paginator that efficiently fetches pages based on the last row rather than OFFSET.
from dataclasses import dataclass
from typing import List, Optional
@dataclass
class Row:
id: int
name: str
def __lt__(self, other: "Row") -> bool:
return (self.id, self.name) < (other.id, other.name)
class MockKeysetPaginator:
"""Pagination using keyset (seek) method instead of OFFSET."""…Offset vs Keyset Pagination in Python
Demonstrate offset-based pagination and keyset (cursor) pagination with a simple in-memory dataset, showing how each returns pages of records.
"""Demonstrate pagination using offset vs keyset (cursor) approach."""
ITEMS = [
{"id": 1, "name": "Alice"},
{"id": 2, "name": "Bob"},
{"id": 3, "name": "Carol"},
{"id": 4, "name": "David"},
{"id": 5, "name": "Eve"},
]
def offset_paginate(items, page, page_size):
"""Return a page using offset…Browse by section
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