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How to implement exponential backoff for LLM API calls in Python
A decorator that retries flaky LLM API calls with exponential delay, using a mock client to demonstrate the pattern.
import time
import random
class MockLLM:
def call(self, prompt):
if random.random() < 0.7: # 70% chance of transient failure
raise ConnectionError("API unavailable")
return f"LLM response for: {prompt}"
def with_exponential_backoff(max_retries=5, base_delay=0.1):
def decorator(fu…How to Handle Retry-After Header in Python
Parse the Retry-After header from rate-limited API responses and implement retry logic with proper delays in Python.
```python
import time
from datetime import datetime, timedelta
class RetryAfterHandler:
def __init__(self, max_retries=3):
self.max_retries = max_retries
def get_retry_after_seconds(self, response_headers):
retry_after_value = response_headers.get("Retry-After")
if retry_after_value …How to Send Messages to a Dead Letter Queue in Python
Simulates a poison message queue that retries failed messages up to a limit before moving them to a dead letter queue.
import json
class PoisonMessageQueue:
def __init__(self, max_retries=3):
self.dlq = []
self.max_retries = max_retries
self.processed_count = 0
self.failed_count = 0
def process_message(self, message_body):
if "poison" in message_body:
self.failed_count += 1…How to Simulate an Outbox Pattern with Reliable Retry in Python
This code implements a mock outbox pattern with records, delivery attempts, and retries to simulate reliable message publishing.
import time
import itertools
class Outbox:
def __init__(self):
self._records = []
self._seq = itertools.count(1)
def publish(self, topic, payload):
record = {
"id": next(self._seq),
"topic": topic,
"payload": payload,
"status": "pending"…Retry with Exponential Backoff and Jitter in Python
A decorator-style retry wrapper that retries a flaky function with exponential backoff plus random jitter, then raises after the last attempt fails.
import random
import time
def retry_with_backoff(func, max_retries=3, base_delay=0.5, max_jitter=0.1):
for attempt in range(max_retries + 1):
try:
return func()
except Exception as e:
if attempt == max_retries:
raise
delay = base_delay * (2 ** at…How to implement a circuit breaker in Python
A Python CircuitBreaker class that tracks failures, opens after a threshold, and retries after a timeout.
class CircuitBreaker:
def __init__(self, failure_threshold=3, timeout=5):
self.failure_threshold = failure_threshold
self.timeout = timeout
self.failure_count = 0
self.last_failure_time = None
self.state = "CLOSED"
def call(self, mock_downstream):
if self.state …Browse by section
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Guide: free Python code samples library
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Samples vs tutorials and challenges
Samples are quick reference — one concept per page. For step-by-step teaching, use our Python tutorials. To test yourself, try quizzes or coding challenges. Clean up style with the Python formatter.