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How to Use __getstate__ and __setstate__ for Pickle in Python
Customize Python object serialization with the pickle __getstate__ and __setstate__ hooks to control exactly what data is stored and how it is restored.
import pickle
class Temperature:
def __init__(self, celsius):
self.celsius = celsius
def __getstate__(self):
"""Customize what gets pickled."""
state = self.__dict__.copy()
# Convert to Fahrenheit for storage (simulate transformation)
state['fahrenheit'] = (self.celsiu…Find Missing Numbers, Duplicates, and Ranges in Python
Analyze a list to identify missing numbers, duplicate values, and contiguous ranges using sets and the Counter class.
def find_missing_duplicates_ranges(numbers):
"""Find missing numbers, duplicates, and ranges in a list."""
from collections import Counter
if not numbers:
return {"missing": [], "duplicates": [], "ranges": []}
full_range = set(range(min(numbers), max(numbers) + 1))
present = set(n…How to Generate a Power Set in Python with Bitmasks
Generate the power set of a small list using a bitmask approach, producing all possible subsets.
def power_set(items):
"""Generate the power set of a list using bitmask approach."""
n = len(items)
result = []
for mask in range(1 << n):
subset = []
for i in range(n):
if mask & (1 << i):
subset.append(items[i])
result.append(subset)
r…Set Matrix Zeroes in Python: Markers List Grid Demo
Given a matrix, this code finds all rows and columns that contain a zero and sets every element in those rows and columns to zero, using boolean marker arrays.
def set_zeroes(matrix):
rows, cols = len(matrix), len(matrix[0])
row_markers = [False] * rows
col_markers = [False] * cols
# First pass: record which rows and columns contain zeros
for i in range(rows):
for j in range(cols):
if matrix[i][j] == 0:
row_markers[i] …How to Download All Assets from GitHub Releases in Python
Downloads every asset attached to the latest GitHub release of a repository, saving them locally using the GitHub API and Python's requests and pathlib libraries.
import requests
import os
import zipfile
from pathlib import Path
def download_github_release_assets(owner: str, repo: str, output_dir: str = "release_assets") -> None:
"""Downloads all assets from the latest release of a GitHub repository."""
releases_url = f"https://api.github.com/repos/{owner}/{repo}/relea…Deduplicate events by ID within a window in Python
Deduplicate event streams by ID within sliding time windows, keeping the newest occurrence per window using heaps and sets.
import heapq
from collections import defaultdict
def deduplicate_events(events, window_size):
"""Return events deduplicated by id, keeping newest within each sliding window."""
# Index events by (timestamp, id) for deterministic ordering
events_by_id = defaultdict(list)
for ts, eid, *payload in events…How to Find Missing Values in Large Datasets in Python
Analyze missing values across multiple large pandas DataFrames with counts and percentages.
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
def find_missing_values_summary(datasets):
"""Analyze missing values across multiple datasets (dict of name: DataFrame)."""
summary = {}
for name, df in datasets.items():
missing_count = df.isnull().sum()
total_rows = len(df)
missing_pct = (mi…Mock Route53 change_resource_record_sets in Python
This code demonstrates how to mock AWS Route53 change_resource_record_sets API calls using the botocore Stubber, allowing you to test DNS update logic without touching real infrastructure.
import boto3
from botocore.exceptions import ClientError
def mock_change_resource_record_sets():
"""Demonstrates Route53 change_resource_record_sets with a mock client."""
# Create a mock Route53 client
route53 = boto3.client('route53', region_name='us-east-1',
aws_access_key_id…Kafka Consumer Poll Loop Mock in Python
Simulate a Kafka consumer poll loop with a mock class, process messages in batches, and commit offsets to understand streaming consumption patterns.
import time
class MockKafkaConsumer:
def __init__(self, topic, messages):
self.topic = topic
self.messages = list(messages)
self.position = 0
def poll(self, timeout_ms=100):
if self.position >= len(self.messages):
time.sleep(timeout_ms / 1000)
return []…Approximate Count with HyperLogLog in Python
A mock HyperLogLog implementation uses hash-based registers to estimate cardinality of large datasets with sublinear memory.
import hashlib
class HyperLogLog:
def __init__(self, precision=4):
if precision < 4 or precision > 16:
raise ValueError("precision must be between 4 and 16")
self.precision = precision
self.registers = [0] * (1 << precision)
def _hash(self, value):
return int(hashl…Browse by section
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