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Copy-ready Python snippets by topic and difficulty — short, focused, and runnable in the browser editor.
How to automatically organize your Downloads folder by file type in Python
This script scans the Downloads folder and moves files into sub-folders based on their extensions (e.g., Images, Documents, Videos).
import os
import shutil
from pathlib import Path
def organize_downloads_folder(downloads_path=None):
if downloads_path is None:
downloads_path = str(Path.home() / "Downloads")
if not os.path.exists(downloads_path):
print(f"Path {downloads_path} does not exist.")
return
fi…How to check Python files for common coding mistakes
Walks a directory tree parsing each .py file with ast, reporting empty functions, bare try blocks, too many parameters, and empty classes.
import ast
import os
import sys
def check_file(filepath):
try:
with open(filepath) as f:
code = f.read()
tree = ast.parse(code, filename=filepath)
except SyntaxError as e:
print(f"{filepath}: SyntaxError: {e.msg}")
return
issues = []
for node in ast.wal…How to generate website performance reports from HTTP requests in Python
Measure and report website load time, status code, and content size using Python's standard library.
import urllib.request
import time
def measure_website_load_time(url):
"""Measures total loading time of a website."""
start_time = time.time()
try:
with urllib.request.urlopen(url, timeout=10) as response:
content = response.read()
status_code = response.status
…How to rename music files by ID3 tags in Python
Renames MP3 files in a folder using artist and title extracted from ID3 tags, with a mock fallback that parses filenames.
import os
import re
from pathlib import Path
def sanitize_filename(name: str) -> str:
return re.sub(r'[<>:"/\\|?*]', '_', name).strip()
def rename_mp3_from_id3(path: Path) -> None:
for f in path.glob("*.mp3"):
# Mock ID3 extraction: derive artist/title from filename
stem = f.stem
if "…How to stage and commit all changes with Git in Python
Run git add -A and git commit from Python using subprocess to automate staging and committing all file changes in one step.
import subprocess
from pathlib import Path
def stage_and_commit_all(commit_message: str) -> None:
"""Stage all changes and create a commit with the given message."""
repo_root = Path.cwd()
if not (repo_root / ".git").exists():
raise RuntimeError("Not inside a Git repository")
subprocess.run([…How to validate argparse CLI commands in Python
Build a beginner-friendly command-line argument parser with argparse, including required and optional arguments, plus simple validation for age.
import argparse
def main():
parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Validate CLI arguments for beginners.")
parser.add_argument("name", type=str, help="Your name.")
parser.add_argument("--age", type=int, default=None, help="Your age (optional).")
parser.add_argument("--verbose", action="store_t…Mock Certbot Renewal in Python for Testing
Simulates a Let's Encrypt certificate renewal by writing a mock certificate file and printing realistic certbot CLI output, without calling the actual certbot.
import subprocess
import sys
from datetime import datetime, timedelta
from pathlib import Path
def renew_cert(domain: str, output_dir: str = "certs") -> str:
"""Simulate a Let's Encrypt renewal with mock certbot output."""
out = Path(output_dir)
out.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
cert_path = out…Mock a Helm Upgrade Install Command in Python
Use unittest mock to simulate a Helm upgrade --install call for testing automation scripts without a real cluster.
from unittest.mock import MagicMock, patch
class HelmClient:
def upgrade_install(self, release, chart, namespace="default"):
# Simulates the helm upgrade --install command
return f"Release {release} upgraded/installed in {namespace} using chart {chart}"
@patch("helm_client.HelmClient.upgrade_in…Mock systemctl Wrapper in Python for Service Testing
A Python class-based mock of systemctl that simulates start, stop, restart, and status operations for a service, useful for testing automation scripts.
import subprocess
import sys
class ServiceManager:
def __init__(self, service_name):
self.service_name = service_name
self.status = "inactive"
def start(self):
self.status = "active"
print(f"Starting {self.service_name}... OK")
def stop(self):
self.status …Monitor Website Uptime with Python
Periodically check if a website is reachable and its HTTP status is 200, logging the status with timestamps.
import requests
import time
def check_website(url):
try:
response = requests.get(url, timeout=5)
if response.status_code == 200:
return True
else:
return False
except requests.ConnectionError:
return False
except requests.Timeout:
return Fals…Mount ISO Loop Device Mock Script in Python
Simulate ISO mounting with a loop device using a mock class — useful for testing scripts that depend on mount/unmount without actual system privileges.
import os
import tempfile
from dataclasses import dataclass
from pathlib import Path
@dataclass
class LoopDevice:
path: str
iso_path: str
mounted: bool = False
def mount(self, mount_point: str):
if self.mounted:
raise RuntimeError(f"Loop device {self.path} already mounted")
…Parse WHOIS Data with Python Regex
Extract domain registration fields from a mock WHOIS record using regex and compute days until expiration.
import re
from datetime import datetime
def parse_whois(whois_text: str) -> dict:
"""Extract key registration fields from a mock WHOIS record."""
patterns = {
"domain": r"Domain Name:\s*(.+)",
"registrar": r"Registrar:\s*(.+)",
"creation_date": r"Creation Date:\s*(.+)",
"expir…Parse cron expression and compute next run datetime in Python
Parse a 5-field cron expression and compute the next matching datetime starting from a given base time.
from datetime import datetime, timedelta
import re
def parse_cron_and_next_run(cron_expr, base_time=None):
"""Parse a cron expression and compute the next run time."""
if base_time is None:
base_time = datetime.now().replace(second=0, microsecond=0)
fields = cron_expr.split()
if len(fields) !…Pin Python package versions in requirements.txt
Pin package versions in requirements.txt-style text by adding ==version when no specifier is present, while preserving existing version constraints and comments.
import re
from pathlib import Path
def pin_versions(requirements_text: str) -> str:
"""
Pin package versions in requirements.txt-style text.
Adds ==version if no version specifier is present.
Keeps existing specifiers (>=, <=, ~=, etc.) unchanged.
"""
lines = requirements_text.strip().splitli…Port Scan Localhost Common Ports in Python
Scan common localhost ports (HTTP, HTTPS, SSH, FTP, and more) with a fast socket-based Python script that prints an open/closed status table.
import socket
from datetime import datetime
COMMON_PORTS = {
80: "HTTP",
443: "HTTPS",
22: "SSH",
21: "FTP",
25: "SMTP",
3306: "MySQL",
5432: "PostgreSQL"
}
def scan_port(port):
sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
sock.settimeout(0.1)
try:
resu…Python: Archive Old Logs by Compressing Gzip by Age
A Python script that finds .log files older than a specified age and compresses them into .gz archives while removing the originals.
import gzip
import os
import shutil
from pathlib import Path
def archive_logs(log_dir: str, max_age_days: int) -> list[str]:
"""Compress log files older than max_age_days into .gz archives.
Returns a list of compressed file paths.
"""
cutoff = time.time() - max_age_days * 86400
compressed = …Rename Files in Folder with Numeric Prefix in Python
Renames all files in a folder by adding a sequential numeric prefix (e.g., 01_, 02_) to each filename using pathlib.
from pathlib import Path
def rename_with_numeric_prefix(folder_path):
folder = Path(folder_path)
for index, file_path in enumerate(folder.iterdir(), start=1):
if file_path.is_file():
new_name = f"{index:02d}_{file_path.name}"
new_path = file_path.with_name(new_name)
…Resize Disk Partitions in Python (Mock Script)
A mock disk partition resize script that uses dataclasses to model partitions, validate new sizes, and output the updated layout as JSON.
#!/usr/bin/env python3
"""Mock script to demonstrate disk partition resize logic."""
import json
from dataclasses import dataclass
from typing import Dict
@dataclass
class Partition:
name: str
size_gb: int
mount_point: str
def to_dict(self) -> Dict[str, object]:
return {
"name": …Restore sqlite from latest backup file in Python
This script finds the most recently modified backup file in a directory and restores it to the main database path, then verifies the restored data.
import sqlite3
import glob
import os
import shutil
def restore_latest_backup(db_path, backup_dir):
backups = sorted(glob.glob(os.path.join(backup_dir, "*.db")), key=os.path.getmtime)
if not backups:
raise FileNotFoundError("No backup files found")
latest = backups[-1]
shutil.copy2(latest, db_p…Restrict Secrets File Permissions with the chmod Script in Python
This script restricts a secrets file to 0600 permissions, rotates it to a dated backup, and creates a fresh protected file for secure automation workflows.
import os
import sys
import stat
from pathlib import Path
def restrict_secrets_file(filepath: str) -> None:
"""Set restrictive permissions (0600) on a secrets file."""
path = Path(filepath).expanduser()
if not path.is_file():
raise FileNotFoundError(f"Secrets file not found: {path}")
…Rotate API keys in Python by updating an .env template
Replace an old API key with a new one inside an .env template file, with a guard for missing keys.
import json
from pathlib import Path
def rotate_api_keys(env_template_path: Path, old_key: str, new_key: str) -> None:
"""Replace an old API key with a new one in an .env template file."""
content = env_template_path.read_text()
if old_key not in content:
print(f"Error: '{old_key}' not found in {e…Run pytest and email summary in Python
Runs pytest via subprocess, extracts the test summary line, and sends it in an email (mocked for demonstration).
import smtplib
import subprocess
from email.mime.text import MIMEText
from email.mime.multipart import MIMEMultipart
def run_tests():
"""Run pytest and capture the summary output."""
result = subprocess.run(
["pytest", "-q"],
capture_output=True,
text=True
)
return result.stdo…Schedule Daily Task in Python
Use the schedule library to queue a daily task at a fixed time, then simulate a loop that checks for pending jobs.
import schedule
import time
from datetime import datetime
def daily_task():
print(f"Task executed at {datetime.now().strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')}")
schedule.every().day.at("10:30").do(daily_task)
if __name__ == "__main__":
for _ in range(3):
schedule.run_pending()
time.sleep(1)Toggle VPN Mock Network Manager Script in Python
Simulate a VPN manager with connect, disconnect, toggle, and status methods for testing or demo workflows.
import time
class MockVPNManager:
def __init__(self):
self.is_connected = False
self.servers = ["us-west", "eu-central", "asia-east"]
self.active_server = None
def toggle(self):
if self.is_connected:
self.disconnect()
else:
self.connect()
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Guide: free Python code samples library
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- Open a sample, read How it works, and copy the code block
- Run it in the IDE, tweak values, then take a related quiz or tutorial lesson
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Samples are quick reference — one concept per page. For step-by-step teaching, use our Python tutorials. To test yourself, try quizzes or coding challenges. Clean up style with the Python formatter.