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Copy-ready Python snippets by topic and difficulty — short, focused, and runnable in the browser editor.
How to Mock Git Pre-commit Hooks (black and ruff) in Python
Mock subprocess to test black and ruff pre-commit commands without actually running them, verifying exit codes.
import sys
import subprocess
from unittest.mock import patch
def run_hook(command: list[str]) -> int:
with patch("subprocess.run") as mock_run:
mock_run.return_value.returncode = 0
mock_run.return_value.stdout = f"Mocked: {' '.join(command)}"
result = subprocess.run(command, capture_output…How to Mock subprocess.run for Black Formatter in Python
Use unittest.mock to simulate subprocess.run calls in a Python function that runs the Black formatter, allowing isolated testing without executing external commands.
import subprocess
from unittest.mock import Mock, patch
def run_black_formatter(file_path: str, check_only: bool = False) -> dict:
"""Run black formatter on a file via subprocess."""
cmd = ["black", "--check" if check_only else "-", file_path]
result = subprocess.run(cmd, capture_output=True, text=True)
…How to Revoke Tokens with a Blacklist Set in Python
A minimal TokenBlacklist class using a Python set to revoke, batch-revoke, check, and remove expired tokens for simple token invalidation.
import time
class TokenBlacklist:
def __init__(self):
self.blacklisted_tokens = set()
def revoke(self, token):
self.blacklisted_tokens.add(token)
print(f"Token {token} revoked. Blacklist size: {len(self.blacklisted_tokens)}")
def revoke_batch(self, tokens):
before = len(s…Browse by section
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Guide: free Python code samples library
Copy-ready Python snippets for learners and developers
PythonSkillset code samples are short, focused examples organised by topic and difficulty. Every snippet is server-rendered HTML — readable by search engines and easy to copy. Open any sample, read the notes, copy the code, then press Try in editor to run it in the browser with Pyodide.
How to use this library
- Pick a topic section — strings, lists, files, functions, and more
- Open a sample, read How it works, and copy the code block
- Run it in the IDE, tweak values, then take a related quiz or tutorial lesson
Samples vs tutorials and challenges
Samples are quick reference — one concept per page. For step-by-step teaching, use our Python tutorials. To test yourself, try quizzes or coding challenges. Clean up style with the Python formatter.