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How to Find the Next Greater Element for Each List Item in Python
Use a monotonic stack to find the next greater element to the right for every item in a list, in O(n) time.
def next_greater_element(nums):
result = [-1] * len(nums)
stack = []
for i in range(len(nums) - 1, -1, -1):
while stack and stack[-1] <= nums[i]:
stack.pop()
result[i] = stack[-1] if stack else -1
stack.append(nums[i])
return result
if __name__ == "__main…How to Find the Previous Smaller Element in Python
Use a monotonic stack to find the nearest smaller element to the left of each item in a list, returning -1 when none exists.
from collections import deque
def previous_smaller_elements(arr):
stack = deque()
result = [-1] * len(arr)
for i in range(len(arr)):
while stack and arr[stack[-1]] >= arr[i]:
stack.pop()
if stack:
result[i] = arr[stack[-1]]
stack.append(i)
return resul…How to Solve Daily Temperatures Days Until Warmer in Python
Compute the number of days until a warmer temperature for each day using a monotonic stack.
def daily_temperatures(temps):
n = len(temps)
result = [0] * n
stack = []
for i, temp in enumerate(temps):
while stack and temps[stack[-1]] < temp:
prev_idx = stack.pop()
result[prev_idx] = i - prev_idx
stack.append(i)
return result
if __name__ == …How to solve the stock span problem in Python
Calculate the stock span for each day's price using a monotonic stack in O(n) time.
def stock_span(prices):
span = [1] * len(prices)
stack = []
for i in range(len(prices)):
while stack and prices[stack[-1]] <= prices[i]:
stack.pop()
span[i] = i - stack[-1] if stack else i + 1
stack.append(i)
return span
if __name__ == "__main__":
pric…Build a Rate Limiter Decorator in Python
This code defines a reusable rate limiter decorator that caps function calls within a sliding time window using a deque and monotonic time.
import time
from collections import deque
def rate_limiter(max_calls: int, period: float):
calls = deque()
def decorator(func):
def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
now = time.monotonic()
while calls and now - calls[0] >= period:
calls.popleft()
if len(ca…How to Implement an Adaptive Rate Limiter in Python
Build an adaptive rate limiter that adjusts request intervals dynamically based on recent error rates, slowing down when failures spike.
import time
import random
class AdaptiveRateLimiter:
"""Simple adaptive rate limiter that reduces requests when error rate is high."""
def __init__(self, min_interval=0.1, max_interval=2.0, error_threshold=0.3):
self.min_interval = min_interval
self.max_interval = max_interval
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