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Copy-ready Python snippets by topic and difficulty — short, focused, and runnable in the browser editor.
How to Mock a Failing Dependency to Test Error Paths in Python
Inject a fake HTTP client that raises a connection error to test how code handles dependency failures without touching the network.
import requests
def fetch_user(user_id):
url = f"https://api.example.com/users/{user_id}"
response = requests.get(url, timeout=5)
response.raise_for_status()
return response.json()
def get_user_name(user_id, http_client):
try:
user_data = http_client(user_id)
return user_data["nam…How to attach a request ID to exception messages in Python
This code shows how to enrich exception messages with contextual request IDs using context variables, making error logs more traceable across concurrent requests.
import logging
from contextvars import ContextVar
request_id_var = ContextVar("request_id", default="unknown")
def add_request_id(exc: Exception) -> Exception:
exc.args = (f"request_id={request_id_var.get()} | {exc.args[0]}" if exc.args else f"request_id={request_id_var.get()}",) + exc.args[1:]
return exc
d…How to Scrape Headlines from a News Website Using Beautiful Soup in Python
Scrape headline text from a news website using requests and Beautiful Soup with a CSS selector.
import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
def scrape_headlines(url: str, selector: str) -> list:
"""
Scrape headlines from a news website using Beautiful Soup.
Args:
url: The URL of the news website.
selector: CSS selector for headline elements.
Returns:
List of h…Scrape HTML Tables and Convert Them to CSV Using Beautiful Soup in Python
Scrape a Wikipedia table with Beautiful Soup and write the data to a CSV file using the csv module.
import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
import csv
url = "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)"
response = requests.get(url)
soup = BeautifulSoup(response.text, 'html.parser')
tables = soup.find_all('table', {'class': 'wikitable'})
if tables:
target_table = tables[2]
rows =…How to Implement a Recent Counter with a Deque in Python
Implements a RecentCounter class that uses a deque to count ping requests within the last 3000 milliseconds.
from collections import deque
import time
class RecentCounter:
def __init__(self):
self.hits = deque()
def ping(self, t: int) -> int:
self.hits.append(t)
while self.hits and self.hits[0] < t - 3000:
self.hits.popleft()
return len(self.hits)
if __name__ == "__mai…Cache LLM Completions by Hashing the Prompt in Python
A simple in-memory cache that stores LLM completions keyed by a SHA-256 hash of the prompt to avoid recomputing identical requests.
import hashlib
import json
class PromptCache:
def __init__(self):
self.cache = {}
def _hash_prompt(self, prompt: str) -> str:
return hashlib.sha256(prompt.encode("utf-8")).hexdigest()
def get(self, prompt: str) -> str | None:
key = self._hash_prompt(prompt)
return self.ca…Track GitHub Repository Growth in Python
A Python dashboard that fetches and displays GitHub repository statistics including stars, forks, creation date, and recent star activity using the GitHub API.
import requests
import json
from datetime import datetime, timedelta
def track_repo_growth(owner, repo):
url = f"https://api.github.com/repos/{owner}/{repo}"
headers = {"Accept": "application/vnd.github.v3+json"}
response = requests.get(url, headers=headers)
data = response.json()
name = data…Automatically Download the Latest Software Release from GitHub with Python
Use the GitHub API to fetch the latest release metadata and download the first asset (binary or archive) to a local directory.
import requests
import sys
from pathlib import Path
def download_latest_release(owner: str, repo: str, output_dir: str = ".") -> None:
"""Download the latest release asset from a GitHub repository."""
url = f"https://api.github.com/repos/{owner}/{repo}/releases/latest"
response = requests.get(url)
res…Build a Complete Web Scraper with Requests and BeautifulSoup in Python
Scrape multiple paginated pages from a website using Requests and BeautifulSoup, with retry logic, error handling, and CSV export.
import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
import csv
import time
from typing import List, Dict, Optional
class WebScraper:
def __init__(self, base_url: str, output_file: str = "scraped_data.csv"):
self.base_url = base_url
self.output_file = output_file
self.session = requests.Session()…Build a Python Tool to Find All API Endpoints on a Website
A Python script that crawls a website, searches for common API endpoint patterns in HTML and JavaScript, and returns all discovered public API URLs.
import re
import requests
from urllib.parse import urljoin, urlparse
from collections import deque
def find_api_endpoints(base_url, max_pages=10):
visited = set()
queue = deque([base_url])
api_endpoints = set()
api_patterns = [
r'/api/[a-zA-Z0-9_/-]+',
r'/v[0-9]+/[a-zA-Z0-9_/-]+',…Create a Python Script That Detects Website Technology Stack Automatically
This script sends an HTTP request to a URL and inspects headers and HTML content to identify technologies like servers, frameworks, and JavaScript libraries.
import requests
from re import search
def detect_tech_stack(url):
tech_stack = []
try:
response = requests.get(url, timeout=5, headers={'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0'})
headers = response.headers
html = response.text.lower() if response.text else ''
# Check server header
…Discover RSS Feeds From Any Website in Python
Scrape a website's HTML to automatically find all linked RSS or Atom feed URLs using requests, BeautifulSoup, and regex.
import requests
import re
from urllib.parse import urljoin, urlparse
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
def discover_rss_feeds(url):
"""Discover all RSS/Atom feeds linked from a given website."""
try:
headers = {'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; RSSDiscovery/1.0)'}
response = requests.get(url…Download Images from a Web Page Automatically in Python
Scrape all images from a webpage, filter by extension, and save them to a local folder using requests and BeautifulSoup.
import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
from urllib.parse import urljoin
import os
def download_images(url, output_folder="downloaded_images"):
"""Download all images from a given URL."""
os.makedirs(output_folder, exist_ok=True)
response = requests.get(url)
response.raise_for_status()
…Extract All Links from Any Website in Python
Scrape a webpage and extract all absolute HTTP/HTTPS links using requests and regex.
import requests
import re
from urllib.parse import urljoin
def extract_links(url):
try:
response = requests.get(url)
response.raise_for_status()
html = response.text
# Find all href attributes in anchor tags
pattern = r'href=["\'](.*?)["\']'
raw_links = re.findall(p…Find All Redirects on a Website in Python
Crawl a website from a starting URL, follow links within the same domain, and detect every HTTP redirect (301, 302, 303, 307, 308) using requests with redirects disabled.
import requests
from urllib.parse import urljoin, urlparse
from collections import deque
def find_redirects(start_url, max_pages=50):
visited = set()
redirects = {}
queue = deque([start_url])
while queue and len(visited) < max_pages:
url = queue.popleft()
if url in visited:
…Find Broken Image References Across a Website in Python
Crawl internal pages of a website, collect all image source URLs, then check each with HEAD requests to report any that return HTTP 4xx or connection errors.
import requests
from urllib.parse import urljoin, urlparse
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor, as_completed
def find_all_links(base_url, max_pages=50):
visited, to_visit = set(), {base_url}
while to_visit and len(visited) < max_pages:
url = to_visit.pop()
…How to Automatically Download Every Favicon from a List of Websites in Python
Download each website's favicon.ico file by constructing its URL, making a GET request, and saving the binary content locally.
import requests
from urllib.parse import urlparse
import os
websites = [
"https://www.google.com",
"https://www.github.com",
"https://www.stackoverflow.com"
]
def download_favicon(url):
parsed = urlparse(url)
favicon_url = f"{parsed.scheme}://{parsed.netloc}/favicon.ico"
response = requests.g…How to Build a Cryptocurrency Price Tracker in Python
A continuous Python script that fetches real-time cryptocurrency prices from the CoinGecko API and displays them on a loop.
import requests
import time
def get_crypto_prices(coin_ids=["bitcoin", "ethereum", "solana"]):
url = "https://api.coingecko.com/api/v3/simple/price"
params = {
"ids": ",".join(coin_ids),
"vs_currencies": "usd"
}
try:
response = requests.get(url, params=params, timeout=10)
…How to Build a Python Tool That Finds Trending Open Source Projects Daily
A Python script that queries the GitHub Search API to fetch the top 5 trending repositories created in the last day, sorted by stars, with optional language filtering.
import requests
import json
import datetime
def fetch_trending_projects(language: str = "", since: str = "daily"):
url = "https://api.github.com/search/repositories"
date_limit = (datetime.date.today() - datetime.timedelta(days=1)).isoformat()
query = f"created:>{date_limit} language:{language}" if langua…How to Check Website Status Codes in Python
This script checks the HTTP status codes of multiple URLs concurrently using a thread pool and prints the results.
import requests
from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor
URLS = [
"https://www.google.com",
"https://www.python.org",
"https://www.nonexistent-site-12345.com",
"https://www.github.com",
]
def check_status(url):
try:
response = requests.get(url, timeout=5)
return url, resp…How to Compare Two GitHub Repositories and Highlight Differences in Python
Fetch metadata from two GitHub repositories using the GitHub API and compare key attributes like stars, forks, license, and language, printing any differences.
import requests
import json
from pathlib import Path
def fetch_repo_data(owner, repo_name):
"""Fetch repository metadata from GitHub API."""
url = f"https://api.github.com/repos/{owner}/{repo_name}"
response = requests.get(url)
response.raise_for_status()
return response.json()
def compare_repos(…How to Create a Link Graph Visualization for Any Website in Python
A Python script that crawls a website's internal links, builds a directed graph of parent-child URL relationships, and prints the graph to the console.
import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
from collections import defaultdict
from urllib.parse import urljoin, urlparse
import sys
def get_links(url, max_links=20):
try:
response = requests.get(url, timeout=5)
soup = BeautifulSoup(response.text, 'html.parser')
base_url = f"{urlparse(u…How to Download All Assets from GitHub Releases in Python
Downloads every asset attached to the latest GitHub release of a repository, saving them locally using the GitHub API and Python's requests and pathlib libraries.
import requests
import os
import zipfile
from pathlib import Path
def download_github_release_assets(owner: str, repo: str, output_dir: str = "release_assets") -> None:
"""Downloads all assets from the latest release of a GitHub repository."""
releases_url = f"https://api.github.com/repos/{owner}/{repo}/relea…How to Download a GitHub Repository as a ZIP File in Python
Download any public GitHub repository as a ZIP file using the GitHub API and Python's requests and zipfile modules.
import requests
import zipfile
import io
import os
def download_github_repo_as_zip(repo_url, output_path='.'):
"""
Download a GitHub repository as a ZIP file.
Args:
repo_url (str): Full GitHub repository URL (e.g., 'https://github.com/username/repo')
output_path (str): Directory to sa…Browse by section
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- Open a sample, read How it works, and copy the code block
- Run it in the IDE, tweak values, then take a related quiz or tutorial lesson
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