Auth & security at scale
OAuth2, JWT, IAM patterns, secrets rotation, and least-privilege service auth.
How to Salt Passwords per User in Python
Hash each user's password with a unique random salt using hashlib, and verify logins with timing-safe comparison.
import hashlib
import secrets
def hash_password(password: str, salt: str | None = None) -> tuple[str, str]:
"""Hash a password with a random salt (or provided salt).
Returns:
(salt_hex, password_hash_hex)
"""
if salt is None:
salt = secrets.token_hex(16)
salted = (salt + password)…How to Verify Passwords in Constant Time in Python
Use hmac.compare_digest to verify passwords in constant time, preventing timing attacks that could reveal password length or character positions.
import hmac
import time
# Mock of a constant-time password comparison (prevents timing attacks)
def verify_password(stored_password: str, supplied_password: str) -> bool:
# hmac.compare_digest runs in constant time (for a given length)
return hmac.compare_digest(stored_password.encode(), supplied_password.enc…Browse by section
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Auth & security at scale — Python code examples
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