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Auth & security at scale

OAuth2, JWT, IAM patterns, secrets rotation, and least-privilege service auth.

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Auth & security at scale medium

How to Encode and Decode JWT with HS256 in Python

Implement JWT encoding and decoding using HMAC-SHA256 (HS256) with Python's standard library, including signature verification.

jwt hmac authentication
Python 
import base64
import hashlib
import hmac
import json


def base64url_encode(data: bytes) -> bytes:
    return base64.urlsafe_b64encode(data).rstrip(b"=")


def base64url_decode(data: str) -> bytes:
    padding = "=" * (-len(data) % 4)
    return base64.urlsafe_b64decode(data + padding)


def encode_jwt(payload: dict, …
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