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Auth & security at scale

OAuth2, JWT, IAM patterns, secrets rotation, and least-privilege service auth.

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How to Implement a CSRF Token Double Submit Mock in Python

A mock CSRF protection class that generates and validates double-submit tokens using HMAC-SHA256 with a secret key.

csrf security hmac
Python
import hmac
import hashlib
import secrets


class CSRFProtection:
    def __init__(self, secret_key: str):
        self.secret_key = secret_key.encode("utf-8")

    def generate_token(self) -> str:
        random_value = secrets.token_hex(16)
        signature = hmac.new(
            self.secret_key, random_value.enco…
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