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Big data & Spark

PySpark jobs, partitioning, batch processing, and large-dataset transform patterns.

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HyperLogLog Cardinality Estimation in Python

A small HyperLogLog implementation using MD5 hashing and 256 registers to estimate the number of unique items in a large stream with fixed memory.

hyperloglog cardinality estimation
Python 
import hashlib
import math

class HyperLogLog:
    def __init__(self, b=8):
        self.b = b
        self.m = 1 << b
        self.registers = [0] * self.m
        self.alpha = 0.7213 / (1 + 1.079 / self.m)

    def add(self, item):
        h = int(hashlib.md5(str(item).encode()).hexdigest(), 16)
        idx = h & (s…
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