Concurrency & performance
asyncio, threading, multiprocessing, and profiling-friendly performance patterns.
How to Convert Data in Parallel with ThreadPoolExecutor in Python
This example demonstrates converting a list of items in parallel using ThreadPoolExecutor, showing performance gains over serial processing.
import time
from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor
def convert_data(item):
"""Simulate a CPU/IO-bound conversion task."""
time.sleep(0.05) # simulate work
return item.upper()
if __name__ == "__main__":
items = [f"item_{i}" for i in range(20)]
start = time.perf_counter()
serial_…How to Send and Receive Messages Between Processes with multiprocessing.Pipe in Python
Use multiprocessing.Pipe to create a two-way connection between two processes, send a message from parent to child, and receive a reply back.
import multiprocessing
def child_process(conn):
"""Receive from parent and send back a response."""
message = conn.recv()
print(f"Child received: {message}")
conn.send("Hello from child!")
if __name__ == "__main__":
parent_conn, child_conn = multiprocessing.Pipe()
process = multiprocessing…How to Use ThreadPoolExecutor and ProcessPoolExecutor in Python
Compares ThreadPoolExecutor and ProcessPoolExecutor by running CPU-bound and I/O-tolerant tasks over a large list, printing elapsed times and first results.
import time
from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor, ProcessPoolExecutor
import math
numbers = list(range(1, 1000001))
def compute_square(n):
return n * n
def compute_sqrt(n):
return math.sqrt(n)
def run_executor(executor, func, data):
start = time.perf_counter()
results = list(executo…How to Use ThreadPoolExecutor in Python for Parallel Processing
Use ThreadPoolExecutor with executor.map to run a function over many inputs concurrently and collect ordered results.
def worker(item):
return item * item
if __name__ == "__main__":
from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor
numbers = list(range(1, 11))
with ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=4) as executor:
results = list(executor.map(worker, numbers))
print("Input: ", numbers)
print("Results:", …How to Use pool.map for CPU-Bound Tasks in Python
Distribute CPU-intensive functions across processes with multiprocessing.Pool.map and measure the performance gain.
from multiprocessing import Pool
import time
def cpu_bound_task(n):
"""Mock CPU-bound work: compute sum of squares."""
total = 0
for i in range(n):
total += i * i
return total
if __name__ == "__main__":
numbers = [10_000_000, 12_000_000, 8_000_000, 15_000_000]
start = time.perf_count…How to Vectorize a Function with a Pure Python Fallback
Create a decorator that calls a scalar function directly for a single value and routes list inputs to a pure-Python fallback for vectorized processing without NumPy.
import math
def fallback_vectorize(func, fallback=None):
"""Vectorize a scalar function with a pure-Python fallback for lists."""
if fallback is None:
fallback = lambda x: [func(i) for i in x]
def wrapped(*args):
if len(args) == 1 and isinstance(args[0], (list, tuple)):
retur…How to spawn multiple worker processes in Python with multiprocessing.Process
Spawns three separate worker processes using multiprocessing.Process, runs them concurrently, and waits for all to finish before printing a completion message.
import multiprocessing
import time
def worker(name):
print(f"Worker {name} started")
time.sleep(1)
print(f"Worker {name} finished")
return name
if __name__ == "__main__":
processes = []
for i in range(3):
p = multiprocessing.Process(target=worker, args=(i,))
processes.append(p…Synchronize Threads with a Barrier in Python
Demonstrates using threading.Barrier to synchronize multiple threads at phase boundaries, ensuring all workers wait for each other before proceeding.
import threading
import time
from random import randint
def worker(barrier, worker_id):
for phase in range(3):
time.sleep(randint(1, 3))
print(f"Worker {worker_id} finished phase {phase} at {time.time():.2f}")
barrier.wait()
print(f"Worker {worker_id}: all phases complete")
if __name_…Browse by section
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Concurrency & performance — Python code examples
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