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Database scaling & optimization

Indexing, connection pooling, read replicas, query tuning, and throughput-aware SQL.

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Database scaling & optimization medium

Approximate Count with HyperLogLog in Python

A mock HyperLogLog implementation uses hash-based registers to estimate cardinality of large datasets with sublinear memory.

hyperloglog cardinality hash
Python 
import hashlib

class HyperLogLog:
    def __init__(self, precision=4):
        if precision < 4 or precision > 16:
            raise ValueError("precision must be between 4 and 16")
        self.precision = precision
        self.registers = [0] * (1 << precision)

    def _hash(self, value):
        return int(hashl…
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