Errors & debugging
Handle failures gracefully, raise helpful errors, and debug with confidence.
How to Dump a Debugging Repr for Unknown Types in Python
Build a fallback repr that shows dataclass fields or object attributes for any value, handy when debugging unknown types.
import dataclasses
from typing import Any
@dataclasses.dataclass
class Sample:
name: str
values: list[int]
def dump_repr(obj: Any) -> str:
"""Return a concise but complete repr for debugging unknown types."""
if dataclasses.is_dataclass(obj):
fields = ", ".join(
f"{field.name}={…How to parse a traceback to get the last frame in Python
Extracts the innermost frame's file, line, and function name from a Python traceback object.
import sys
import traceback
def parse_traceback_last_frame(exc_info):
"""Return the file, line, and function of the last (innermost) frame."""
_, _, tb = exc_info
last_tb = tb
while last_tb.tb_next is not None:
last_tb = last_tb.tb_next
filename = last_tb.tb_frame.f_code.co_filename
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Errors & debugging — Python code examples
What you will find here
This page collects errors & debugging snippets — short, copy-ready Python you can paste into our free online IDE and run without installing anything. Each sample includes a plain-English explanation and the full source code.
Samples vs tutorials and challenges
Samples are quick reference — one concept per page. For step-by-step teaching, use our Python tutorials. To test yourself, try quizzes or coding challenges. Clean up style with the Python formatter.