Reference library

Reliability & rate limiting

Retries, exponential backoff, circuit breakers, token buckets, and idempotent handlers.

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Reliability & rate limiting medium

Leaky Bucket Rate Limiter in Python: Smooth Burst Traffic

Implements a token-bucket-style leaky bucket rate limiter that smooths bursty traffic by draining at a fixed rate and dropping excess packets.

rate-limiting traffic-shaping simulation
Python 
import time
import random


class LeakyBucket:
    def __init__(self, capacity, drain_rate):
        self.capacity = capacity
        self.drain_rate = drain_rate
        self.water = 0.0
        self.last_time = time.time()

    def allow(self, packet_size=1.0):
        now = time.time()
        elapsed = now - self.…
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