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System design patterns

Sharding, load balancing, CAP tradeoffs, and scaling patterns — interview and production ready.

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Builder pattern for mocking complex objects in Python

Use a fluent Builder to construct realistic mock objects with defaults, enabling readable test data setup.

class User:
    def __init__(self):
        self.name = "default"
        self.age = 0
        self.email = "unknown@example.com"
        self.address = "unknown"

    def __repr__(self):
        return f"User(name={self.name!r}, age={self.age}, email={self.email!r}, address={self.address!r})"


class UserBuilder:
   …

17 0 Open

System design patterns easy

How to Build an Append-Only Event Store in Python

Implement a simple append-only event store class that stores events in a list and supports retrieval by index range.

event-sourcing append-only event-store

Python

class EventStore:
    def __init__(self):
        self._events = []

    def append(self, event):
        """Append an event to the store."""
        self._events.append(event)

    def get_events(self, start=0, end=None):
        """Return events from start index to end (exclusive)."""
        return self._events[sta…

14 0 Open

System design patterns easy

How to Implement a Simple Event Bus in Python

Create a publish-subscribe event bus using dataclasses and defaultdict to decouple event producers from consumers.

event-bus publish-subscribe design-patterns

Python

from collections import defaultdict
from dataclasses import dataclass, field
from typing import Callable, Dict, List, Set


@dataclass
class EventBus:
    _subscribers: Dict[str, List[Callable]] = field(
        default_factory=lambda: defaultdict(list)
    )

    def subscribe(self, event_type: str, handler: Callable…

15 0 Open

System design patterns medium

Outbox pattern reliable publish in Python with SQLite

Implements a transactional outbox with SQLite, ensuring reliable message publishing by storing events in the same DB transaction as business changes.

outbox sqlite transaction

Python

import sqlite3
from contextlib import contextmanager
from datetime import datetime, timezone


class Outbox:
    def __init__(self, db_path=":memory:"):
        self.conn = sqlite3.connect(db_path)
        self.conn.execute("""
            CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS outbox (
                id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTO…

11 0 Open

System design patterns easy

Round Robin Load Balancer in Python

This code simulates round robin load balancing by distributing a list of requests evenly across a list of servers.

load-balancing round-robin system-design

Python

def round_robin_servers(requests: list[str], servers: list[str]) -> dict[str, list[str]]:
    assignments = {server: [] for server in servers}
    for idx, request in enumerate(requests):
        server = servers[idx % len(servers)]
        assignments[server].append(request)
    return assignments


if __name__ == "_…

13 0 Open

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