Testing & modern typing
pytest basics, mocks, type hints, TypedDict, Protocol, and static-checking patterns.
How to Compare Files and Show a Diff in Python
Compare two text files and print a unified diff using Python's difflib module to highlight differences.
import difflib
from pathlib import Path
def compare_files(expected_path: str, actual_path: str) -> str:
"""Compare two text files and return a unified diff."""
expected = Path(expected_path).read_text()
actual = Path(actual_path).read_text()
diff = difflib.unified_diff(
expected.splitlines(ke…How to Test Environment Variables with pytest monkeypatch in Python
Shows how to use pytest's monkeypatch fixture to set and delete environment variables for isolated tests.
import os
import pytest
def get_database_url():
return os.getenv("DATABASE_URL", "postgres://default")
def test_database_url_with_env(monkeypatch):
monkeypatch.setenv("DATABASE_URL", "postgres://test-db")
assert get_database_url() == "postgres://test-db"
def test_database_url_default(monkeypatch):
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Testing & modern typing — Python code examples
What you will find here
This page collects testing & modern typing snippets — short, copy-ready Python you can paste into our free online IDE and run without installing anything. Each sample includes a plain-English explanation and the full source code.
Samples vs tutorials and challenges
Samples are quick reference — one concept per page. For step-by-step teaching, use our Python tutorials. To test yourself, try quizzes or coding challenges. Clean up style with the Python formatter.