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Testing & modern typing

pytest basics, mocks, type hints, TypedDict, Protocol, and static-checking patterns.

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Design Data Helpers with Python TypedDict and Literal

Use TypedDict, Literal, and Union to define typed data shapes and parse values in Python.

from typing import TypedDict, Literal, Optional, Union, List

class User(TypedDict):
    name: str
    age: int
    role: Literal["admin", "user", "guest"]

def describeUser(data: User) -> str:
    return f"{data['name']} ({data['age']}) — {data['role']}"

def parse_value(item: Union[int, str, None]) -> str:
    if it…

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Testing & modern typing easy

How to Merge TypedDicts in Python

Merge two TypedDict dictionaries with type-aware logic using NotRequired, **kwargs unpacking, and safe key updates.

typing typeddict dict

Python

from typing import TypedDict, NotRequired, merge  # hypothetical

class User(TypedDict):
    name: str
    email: NotRequired[str]
    age: NotRequired[int]

def merge_users(base: User, **overrides: User) -> User:
    """Merge two user dicts with typing-aware logic."""
    result: User = dict(base)
    for key, value …

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Testing & modern typing easy

How to Use TypedDict and Dataclasses in Python

Create typed data structures with TypedDict and dataclasses, then use them as helper functions for describing objects in a type-safe way.

typing typdict dataclass

Python

from typing import TypedDict, NotRequired, Optional
from dataclasses import dataclass


class User(TypedDict):
    name: str
    age: NotRequired[int]
    email: Optional[str]


@dataclass
class Product:
    id: int
    title: str
    price: float = 0.0


def describe_user(user: User) -> str:
    age = user.get("age",…

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Testing & modern typing easy

How to Use TypedDict for Structured Dict Typing in Python

Define and use TypedDict to add type hints to dictionaries, improving code clarity and enabling static type checking in your Python projects.

typing typeddict type-hints

Python

from typing import TypedDict


class User(TypedDict):
    name: str
    age: int
    email: str


def greet(user: User) -> str:
    return f"Hello {user['name']}, age {user['age']}, contact {user['email']}"


if __name__ == "__main__":
    alice: User = {"name": "Alice", "age": 30, "email": "alice@example.com"}
    pr…

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