Testing & modern typing
pytest basics, mocks, type hints, TypedDict, Protocol, and static-checking patterns.
How to Compare Execution Speed Between Python Functions
Measure and compare the average execution time of multiple Python functions using a reusable benchmark helper with time.perf_counter.
import time
import random
def method_a(values):
"""Sort using built-in sorted."""
return sorted(values)
def method_b(values):
"""Sort using list's sort method."""
values_copy = values[:]
values_copy.sort()
return values_copy
def method_c(values):
"""Sort manually using bubble sort (slow,…How to Validate Data in Python with Typing Hints
Build a runtime validation helper that checks values against Python type hints like Optional, list, and basic types.
from typing import Any, Optional, Union, TypeVar, get_origin, get_args
T = TypeVar("T")
def validate(value: Any, expected_type: type) -> Optional[str]:
"""Returns an error message if value doesn't match expected_type, else None."""
# Handle Optional[...] types
origin = get_origin(expected_type)
if or…Browse by section
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Testing & modern typing — Python code examples
What you will find here
This page collects testing & modern typing snippets — short, copy-ready Python you can paste into our free online IDE and run without installing anything. Each sample includes a plain-English explanation and the full source code.
Samples vs tutorials and challenges
Samples are quick reference — one concept per page. For step-by-step teaching, use our Python tutorials. To test yourself, try quizzes or coding challenges. Clean up style with the Python formatter.