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Testing & modern typing

pytest basics, mocks, type hints, TypedDict, Protocol, and static-checking patterns.

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Testing & modern typing easy

How to Parse Data with Type Hints in Python

A beginner-friendly helper that parses simple dictionary- or list-like strings into typed Python structures using modern typing annotations.

type-hints parsing typing
Python 
from typing import Any, Dict, List, Union


def parse_data(raw: str) -> Union[Dict[str, Any], List[Any], str]:
    """Parse a simple string into structured data using type hints."""
    cleaned = raw.strip()
    
    if not cleaned:
        return {}
    
    if cleaned.startswith("{") and cleaned.endswith("}"):
     …
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