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Testing & modern typing

pytest basics, mocks, type hints, TypedDict, Protocol, and static-checking patterns.

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Testing & modern typing easy

Design Data Helpers with Python TypedDict and Literal

Use TypedDict, Literal, and Union to define typed data shapes and parse values in Python.

typeddict literal union
Python 
from typing import TypedDict, Literal, Optional, Union, List

class User(TypedDict):
    name: str
    age: int
    role: Literal["admin", "user", "guest"]

def describeUser(data: User) -> str:
    return f"{data['name']} ({data['age']}) — {data['role']}"

def parse_value(item: Union[int, str, None]) -> str:
    if it…
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